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垄断竞争理论的论题是很广泛的,它包括经济体系中的一切垄断,也包括一切竞争。它不是任何意义上的“不完全”理论,而是一般理论,用来代替一般化的纯粹竞争理论,作为分析整个经济的起点和基础。我们对经济结构的分析,要从考察厂商开始,它是我们的经济原子。由于大规模经济的关系,厂商的成本曲线呈现 U 形。对其产品的需求至少是三个变数的函数:(一)产品性质,(二)价格和(三)销售费用。一般讲来,大企业的优越性和对国民生产的多种需求相结合的结果,是每种产品有一个生产者,各个生产者之间存在着一系列复杂的寡头垄断关系。寡头垄断者的一举一动会对其他厂商发生重大的影响,因而他们可能进行激烈的竞争。但最可能的结果是形成价格协议,划分市场,或为了共同行动而组成卡特尔等;这种种情形都倾向于提高价格水平,即高于每个生产者在隔离状态下追求最高利润时所将达到的水平。凡产品没有近似代替品或有很多代替品的生产者,则是孤独垄断者。他常常被说成是纯粹垄断者,然而在现实生活中,每一个垄断者都受到不同程度的竞争,垄断毕竟只是程度问题。不过他的竞争者是分散的,他的举动不会对别人发生重大的影响,所以他毋需考虑反击而独自决定他的策略。他可能只获得最低的利润,也可能获得垄断利润,视其产品需求情形而定。我认为,这门学科需要依据需求的交叉弹性这个概念重新写过。而且,在经济体系里,寡头垄断因素是很普遍的,经济研究要注重它们对价格和其他经济范畴的影响。
The topic of monopolistic competition theory is very broad, it includes all the monopolies in the economic system, including all competition. It is not an “incomplete” theory in any sense but a general theory that serves as a starting point and basis for analyzing the entire economy instead of the general theory of pure competition. Our analysis of the economic structure begins with examining manufacturers and it is our economic atom. Due to the large-scale economic relationship, the manufacturer’s cost curve is U-shaped. The demand for its products is a function of at least three variables: (i) the nature of the product, (ii) the price, and (iii) the cost of sales. In general, the result of the combination of the superiority of large enterprises with the multiple needs of the national production is that there is one producer for each product, and there is a complex series of oligopolistic relations between producers. Every move by oligopolists can have a big impact on other vendors, so they can be fiercely competitive. But the most likely outcome is the formation of price agreements, market demarcation, or the formation of cartels for joint action; all of these tendencies tend to raise the price level, which is above the level at which each producer pursues its highest profit under segregation Reached level. Where there is no substitute product or product with many substitutes, it is a lone monopolist. He is often said to be a pure monopolist, yet in reality, every monopolist is subject to varying degrees of competition. Monopoly is, after all, a question of degree. However, his competitors are fragmented and his actions do not have a significant impact on others, so he does not need to think about counterattack to decide his strategy. He may only get the lowest profits, may also be monopoly profits, depending on the needs of their products may be. In my opinion, this discipline needs to be rewritten based on the concept of cross-elasticity of needs. Moreover, in the economic system oligopolies are commonplace and economic research focuses on their impact on prices and other economic categories.