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140年前的1872年3月1日,崛起的年轻美国建立了世界第一个国家公园—黄石国家公园。此后,国家公园成为保存自然风景、历史和文化的样板,也成为通过保护、管理以及实施青少年项目而推动旅游经济发展、推动文化进步和传承的典范,具有广泛意义。
当时,美国国会通过法案,由总统格兰特签署,面积为8900平方公里的黄石国家公园得以建立。法案禁止在该公园内人居,不得占用和买卖该公园的土地。这个法案曾遭到当地人的强烈反对。很多人想要缩小公园范围,以便开发矿业、采伐树木和打猎,但没有成功。该公园在最初几年里由一个民众团体负责管理,由于缺乏人力物力财力,自然环境和野生动物得不到有效保护,大规模的盗伐、偷猎情况不断发生并恶化。1886年,该公园交由美国陆军管理,且专门成立一个名为“黄石部”的机构,在猛犸温泉附近设立营地,后来成为黄石要塞。不法行为逐渐得以有效制止。1916年8月,美国国会通过国家公园组织法法案,正式成立美国国家公园管理局,为内政部下属单位。黄石国家公园管理权于1918年由军方转交给该公园管理处。2003年7月31日,黄石要塞被命名为美国国家历史地标,至今仍是该公园管理局的总部所在地。军队在管理期间建立的一整套行之有效的办法,被国家公园管理局沿用,并在全国推广使用。
1933年,富兰克林总统上任,根据政府重组法案,将一些由国防部管辖的军事遗址和由农业部管辖的历史文化遗址划归国家公园管理局管理。经过多年调整,终于形成了一个由联邦政府机构统一管理风景名胜和历史文化遗址的局面。目前,美国联邦政府拨给国家公园管理局的年度预算资金为30亿美元左右,有员工约2.2万人,其中4000名至5000名为临时工或季节性人员。
如今,美国共有397处正式认定的机构纳入国家公园管理局管理范围。需要说明的是,国家公园管理局管理的并非只是风景名胜。它总共使用20个类别名称来命名受管理的国家级单位,包括国家公园、国家纪念碑、国家军事公园、国家战场遗址、国家历史公园、国家历史遗址、国际历史遗址、国家游步道等。这些单位中著名的有黄石公园、死亡峡谷、佛罗里达州大沼泽等世界级自然风景地,也有军事要塞、纪念馆堂和白宫。名称中有“国家公园”字样的只有58个。受管理的单位总占地面积大约为33.8万平方公里,最大的一处位于阿拉斯加州,面积5.3万平方公里,而最小的是一栋名人故居,占地80平方米。
从中国人的角度来看,美国国家公园管理局似乎集风景园林、文物古迹、旅游等功能于一身。由该管理局管理的,包括6.8万多处历史遗址、2.1万多座建筑物、6.8万多处考古遗址,以及负责监管的博物馆收藏的文物1.2亿多件。现在,每年访问这些受管理单位的游客总数为2.8亿人次。
如同美国其他文化单位一样,美国国家公园管理局也实施颇有特色的各种青少年项目,每个单位都实施为年轻人提供工作的项目。实施项目主要通过青少年组织来安排,其中最早的一个是建立于1957年的学生保护协会。学生保护协会致力于保护文化、历史遗址,目标为培养这方面的未来领袖。志愿者可以担当实习生,承担保护工作。他们通过这些实习机会来获取经验,可能有助于以后的工作选择或者学业上的进一步深造。另一个大组织是建立于1985年的保护团联盟。联盟共有136个团体单位,分布在42个州和华盛顿的哥伦比亚特区。团员年龄在16岁至25岁。国家公园管理局还与美国童子军合作,专门为年龄为7岁至18岁的男性少年儿童和5岁至18岁的女性少年儿童的户外训练提供场地和其他各种支持,通常包括露营、森林知识、水上活动、徒步旅行、野外旅行和运动。这些活动有助于培养少年儿童的公民意识和保护环境、保护自然的意识。少年儿童则通过这些活动帮助国家公园保护资源。
与一些国家相比,美国没有那么悠久的古老文明,却具有雄伟壮观的自然风景,其历史和文化也自有波澜壮阔的一面。壮美风景和历史文化遗址在美国人认同美国、认同自己是美国人方面起到了无可替代的重要作用。美国人喜欢旅游。而访问国家公园是美国人文化生活的重要部分。从这个角度来说,受美国国家公园管理局管理的各机构,仿佛是一个个爱国主义教育基地。
从上世纪80年代起,中国建立了国家、省级、县级三级风景名胜区,对其进行保护和管理,对发展旅游业和推动经济发展,起到了积极作用。然而,这一体系尚不完善。让风景名胜区作为文化产业产生效益,美国国家公园管理局可以被视为一个值得研究、值得借鉴的案例。
(本文图片由作者提供)
American National Parks
By David Guo
On March 1, 1872, the U.S. Congress established Yellowstone National Park and American President Ulysses S. Grant signed the park into law. Yellowstone means a great deal to the world: it was the world’s very first national park. National parks in the United States preserve natural beauty, history and cultural models. Through preservation and administration and youth programs, these national parks promote tourism, cultural undertakings, and local economy.
The law bans people from living inside the park. No one is allowed to possess, sell or buy the land of the park. At first, many people strongly opposed the act. Some wanted to make 8,900-km2 Yellowstone smaller so that they could mine, lumber and hunt. In the first years of the park, Yellowstone was managed by a civic group. Due to the lack of manpower and funding, the environment and wildlife were not effectively protected. Large-scale poaching and lumbering took place frequently. In 1886, the U.S. Army was commissioned to oversee the park. In 1916, the National Park Service came into being. In 1918, the army turned the control over to the National Park Service, which inherited many good principles and practices developed and used by the army to protect park animals and natural resources. In 1933, the National Park Service was reorganized and expanded. The federal agency took over some military sites from the Department of Defense and cultural and historical sites from Department of Agriculture. Nowadays, the NPS is a national agency that manages national parks and cultural and historical sites. The NPS has an annual budget of 3 billion and a work force of 22,000, including 4,000 to 5,000 temporary or season employees.
At present, the U.S has about 397 officially recognized units under the management of the National Park Service. It is worth noting that the NPS has a system of 20 different titles for the park units it manages such as national park, national military park, national historical park, national historic site, national parkway, national preserve and national reserve, national scenic trail, national seashore, etc.
Compared to separate Chinese government departments that manage parks, historical and cultural sites and tourism attractions separately, the NPS is an all-in-one national agency. In addition to parks, the NPS also manages 27,000 historic sites, 21,000 buildings, 68,000 archaeological sites. The NPS also supervises 121 million objects in museum collections. The national park units receive 280 million visitors a year.
Like many other cultural units, the NPS conducts quite a few youth programs. Each unit offers work opportunities for youngsters. In partnership with Student Conservation Association, the NPS offer work opportunities for volunteers to work through internships, conservation jobs and crew experience. Volunteers conduct resource management, historic preservation, cultural resources and conservation programs to gain experience, which may lead to career development and education opportunities.
In partnership with the Corps Network established in 1985, the NPS provides a series of similar work opportunities for Corps Network members who are between the ages of 16 to 25. The network has members in 42 states and Washington D.C. The NPS works with Boy Scouts of America and Girl Scouts of America closely. Boys and girls can camp, learn about forest, take part in aquatic activities, hike, and sports. These activities enable youngsters to cultivate their citizen consciousness and develop a sense of environmental protection. Youngsters learn how to help preserve and protect natural resources.
Unlike some countries, the United States does not have a long history. However, the great country boasts the splendor and majesty of its natural vista and its history and culture are great. The national parks and sites of historical and cultural interests help Americans identify with the great nation, playing an irreplaceable part in uniting the Americans together. Americans love to travel and national parks are a key part of their cultural activities. In sense, national park units under the watch of the NPS are something like patriotism education bases as known in China.
当时,美国国会通过法案,由总统格兰特签署,面积为8900平方公里的黄石国家公园得以建立。法案禁止在该公园内人居,不得占用和买卖该公园的土地。这个法案曾遭到当地人的强烈反对。很多人想要缩小公园范围,以便开发矿业、采伐树木和打猎,但没有成功。该公园在最初几年里由一个民众团体负责管理,由于缺乏人力物力财力,自然环境和野生动物得不到有效保护,大规模的盗伐、偷猎情况不断发生并恶化。1886年,该公园交由美国陆军管理,且专门成立一个名为“黄石部”的机构,在猛犸温泉附近设立营地,后来成为黄石要塞。不法行为逐渐得以有效制止。1916年8月,美国国会通过国家公园组织法法案,正式成立美国国家公园管理局,为内政部下属单位。黄石国家公园管理权于1918年由军方转交给该公园管理处。2003年7月31日,黄石要塞被命名为美国国家历史地标,至今仍是该公园管理局的总部所在地。军队在管理期间建立的一整套行之有效的办法,被国家公园管理局沿用,并在全国推广使用。
1933年,富兰克林总统上任,根据政府重组法案,将一些由国防部管辖的军事遗址和由农业部管辖的历史文化遗址划归国家公园管理局管理。经过多年调整,终于形成了一个由联邦政府机构统一管理风景名胜和历史文化遗址的局面。目前,美国联邦政府拨给国家公园管理局的年度预算资金为30亿美元左右,有员工约2.2万人,其中4000名至5000名为临时工或季节性人员。
如今,美国共有397处正式认定的机构纳入国家公园管理局管理范围。需要说明的是,国家公园管理局管理的并非只是风景名胜。它总共使用20个类别名称来命名受管理的国家级单位,包括国家公园、国家纪念碑、国家军事公园、国家战场遗址、国家历史公园、国家历史遗址、国际历史遗址、国家游步道等。这些单位中著名的有黄石公园、死亡峡谷、佛罗里达州大沼泽等世界级自然风景地,也有军事要塞、纪念馆堂和白宫。名称中有“国家公园”字样的只有58个。受管理的单位总占地面积大约为33.8万平方公里,最大的一处位于阿拉斯加州,面积5.3万平方公里,而最小的是一栋名人故居,占地80平方米。
从中国人的角度来看,美国国家公园管理局似乎集风景园林、文物古迹、旅游等功能于一身。由该管理局管理的,包括6.8万多处历史遗址、2.1万多座建筑物、6.8万多处考古遗址,以及负责监管的博物馆收藏的文物1.2亿多件。现在,每年访问这些受管理单位的游客总数为2.8亿人次。
如同美国其他文化单位一样,美国国家公园管理局也实施颇有特色的各种青少年项目,每个单位都实施为年轻人提供工作的项目。实施项目主要通过青少年组织来安排,其中最早的一个是建立于1957年的学生保护协会。学生保护协会致力于保护文化、历史遗址,目标为培养这方面的未来领袖。志愿者可以担当实习生,承担保护工作。他们通过这些实习机会来获取经验,可能有助于以后的工作选择或者学业上的进一步深造。另一个大组织是建立于1985年的保护团联盟。联盟共有136个团体单位,分布在42个州和华盛顿的哥伦比亚特区。团员年龄在16岁至25岁。国家公园管理局还与美国童子军合作,专门为年龄为7岁至18岁的男性少年儿童和5岁至18岁的女性少年儿童的户外训练提供场地和其他各种支持,通常包括露营、森林知识、水上活动、徒步旅行、野外旅行和运动。这些活动有助于培养少年儿童的公民意识和保护环境、保护自然的意识。少年儿童则通过这些活动帮助国家公园保护资源。
与一些国家相比,美国没有那么悠久的古老文明,却具有雄伟壮观的自然风景,其历史和文化也自有波澜壮阔的一面。壮美风景和历史文化遗址在美国人认同美国、认同自己是美国人方面起到了无可替代的重要作用。美国人喜欢旅游。而访问国家公园是美国人文化生活的重要部分。从这个角度来说,受美国国家公园管理局管理的各机构,仿佛是一个个爱国主义教育基地。
从上世纪80年代起,中国建立了国家、省级、县级三级风景名胜区,对其进行保护和管理,对发展旅游业和推动经济发展,起到了积极作用。然而,这一体系尚不完善。让风景名胜区作为文化产业产生效益,美国国家公园管理局可以被视为一个值得研究、值得借鉴的案例。
(本文图片由作者提供)
American National Parks
By David Guo
On March 1, 1872, the U.S. Congress established Yellowstone National Park and American President Ulysses S. Grant signed the park into law. Yellowstone means a great deal to the world: it was the world’s very first national park. National parks in the United States preserve natural beauty, history and cultural models. Through preservation and administration and youth programs, these national parks promote tourism, cultural undertakings, and local economy.
The law bans people from living inside the park. No one is allowed to possess, sell or buy the land of the park. At first, many people strongly opposed the act. Some wanted to make 8,900-km2 Yellowstone smaller so that they could mine, lumber and hunt. In the first years of the park, Yellowstone was managed by a civic group. Due to the lack of manpower and funding, the environment and wildlife were not effectively protected. Large-scale poaching and lumbering took place frequently. In 1886, the U.S. Army was commissioned to oversee the park. In 1916, the National Park Service came into being. In 1918, the army turned the control over to the National Park Service, which inherited many good principles and practices developed and used by the army to protect park animals and natural resources. In 1933, the National Park Service was reorganized and expanded. The federal agency took over some military sites from the Department of Defense and cultural and historical sites from Department of Agriculture. Nowadays, the NPS is a national agency that manages national parks and cultural and historical sites. The NPS has an annual budget of 3 billion and a work force of 22,000, including 4,000 to 5,000 temporary or season employees.
At present, the U.S has about 397 officially recognized units under the management of the National Park Service. It is worth noting that the NPS has a system of 20 different titles for the park units it manages such as national park, national military park, national historical park, national historic site, national parkway, national preserve and national reserve, national scenic trail, national seashore, etc.
Compared to separate Chinese government departments that manage parks, historical and cultural sites and tourism attractions separately, the NPS is an all-in-one national agency. In addition to parks, the NPS also manages 27,000 historic sites, 21,000 buildings, 68,000 archaeological sites. The NPS also supervises 121 million objects in museum collections. The national park units receive 280 million visitors a year.
Like many other cultural units, the NPS conducts quite a few youth programs. Each unit offers work opportunities for youngsters. In partnership with Student Conservation Association, the NPS offer work opportunities for volunteers to work through internships, conservation jobs and crew experience. Volunteers conduct resource management, historic preservation, cultural resources and conservation programs to gain experience, which may lead to career development and education opportunities.
In partnership with the Corps Network established in 1985, the NPS provides a series of similar work opportunities for Corps Network members who are between the ages of 16 to 25. The network has members in 42 states and Washington D.C. The NPS works with Boy Scouts of America and Girl Scouts of America closely. Boys and girls can camp, learn about forest, take part in aquatic activities, hike, and sports. These activities enable youngsters to cultivate their citizen consciousness and develop a sense of environmental protection. Youngsters learn how to help preserve and protect natural resources.
Unlike some countries, the United States does not have a long history. However, the great country boasts the splendor and majesty of its natural vista and its history and culture are great. The national parks and sites of historical and cultural interests help Americans identify with the great nation, playing an irreplaceable part in uniting the Americans together. Americans love to travel and national parks are a key part of their cultural activities. In sense, national park units under the watch of the NPS are something like patriotism education bases as known in China.