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《中国诗词大会》“赏中华诗词、寻文化基因、品生活之美”。我们读古诗词,在于追循诗性语言的金线,找到“兴发感动”的细腻情愫,让语言之外的美感和深意得以展现。
中国古诗词也曾有一条西渐之路,在西方世界广受欢迎。我们在此回顾、评说,意在一窥人类的共通之情是如何在诗歌中复兴并流转的,去印证110年前鲁迅先生所言“人生诚理,直笼其辞句中,使闻其声者,灵府郎然,与人生即会”。
用自然之力重构诗性
20世纪初,美国新诗运动(1912—1922)兴起。其中最引人瞩目的,首推意象派运动。意象派诗人从中国古典诗歌中找到了理论支撑点,掀起了一场翻译和阐释的热潮。作为意象派执牛耳者,庞德与中国古典诗歌有着不解之缘。
1912年年底,东方学家费诺罗萨的妻子玛丽在伦敦遇上了二十郎当、意气风发的庞德,可能是庞德对欧洲中心主义的不屑、对异国文化的博闻和热情,让她决定把亡夫全部的中日文学笔记寄给庞德。
費诺罗萨主要研究日本美术,1896年至1900年他再赴日本常住,并向有贺永雄等著名汉学家学习中国诗,留有大量笔记。1908年他去世后,妻子玛丽整理出版了其东方美术史著作,但对其中国诗笔记却一筹莫展,一直思忖寻找一名诗人与亡灵“合作翻译”。
庞德得到遗稿时,惊异于汉字作为诗歌语言的伟大创举,他让中文开始作为诗性语言进入了西方美学视域。
其实,早在1912年之前,庞德发起意象运动时,就有自己的诗学主张,而费诺罗萨的笔记与之不谋而合。笔记强调,汉字不像字母文字,是约定俗成的符号,是大自然活动的生动速写画;而当时的西方文字“为了求快求准,我们被迫把每个词的意义锉到最狭小的边缘”,因此越来越抽象,就如涂香料的木乃伊,只有学者和诗人痛苦地沿着词源学摸索回去。
在费诺罗萨和庞德看来,汉字天然拥有诗性,是因为它保留着创造的冲动和过程,具体、真实而生动。“诗的语言永远振动着一层层的陪音和自然的亲和力,但在中文里,比喻的可见性把这种品质提高到最强的力度”。他将这种“尽可能返回自然物”的诗学带入了西方文学界。
1914年,庞德从费诺罗萨遗稿中整理翻译出十九首中文诗,包括《诗经》一首、古乐府两首、陶潜诗一首、卢照邻诗一首、王维诗一首、李白诗十二首,结为《华夏集》。除了礼拜《长干行》以外,与其说是翻译,毋宁说是改写。不太懂中文的庞德自然没有原诗掣肘,他用自由诗体再创作,也符合意象派诗人用口语与节奏创造诗歌意象的原则。
《华夏集》甫一出版,即引起轰动。语言简练流畅,文字无一赘述,意象简洁易懂,让T.S.艾略特盛赞庞德为“中国诗歌的发明者”。
庞德领会了中国古诗的意象在于含蓄而形象地表达“人生微妙之刹那”,比如马致远的《天净沙·秋思》:“枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯。”而我们再看庞德著名的《底下车站》(钟鲲译):
人群中幻影般浮现的脸
潮湿的,黑色树枝上的花瓣
这首庞德最著名的诗起初有三十行,庞德在一年时间内做减法,最终只剩两行。它在句法、意象表达上充分继承了中国诗意象的衣钵,草草几笔将巴黎协和广场地铁站人潮浮动的一瞬定格在了文字的画布上。庞德从汉字和最能体现“汉字诗学”的古诗中找到了适合表达自己情思之法,并在此基础上提出了自己的诗学主张,通过学习、借鉴、模仿中国古诗意象的创造和独特的句法结构,使自己的意象日臻成熟。
我们在荒原上跳舞
时人见寒山,各谓是风颠。
貌不起人目,身唯布裘缠。
我语他不会,他语我不言。
为报往来者,可来向寒山。
20世纪四五十年代,一位在中国鲜有人问津的诗人之诗在大洋彼岸被广为传颂,诗人本人也被嬉皮士们奉为精神偶像,那名诗人乃浙江天台寒山子。
寒山子,唐代人士,不知原名,更不知何处来。他居住天台寒岩,喜于山林间吟诗啸歌。在中国诗歌史上,这个疯疯癫癫的老头子被冷落了一千多年,学术界大凡认为因其彻底不仕,归隐山林,且作品多为白话诗,在当时不登大雅之堂,但这两个特点使他的作品为时所拘,也为时所兴。
因为是白话入诗,所以在翻译上,寒山诗比李杜的旧体诗更简单,也更生动,自然更易流传。寒山诗中背离社会、纵情自然的态度,正唱和“垮掉的一代”的嬉皮士对工业文明的抗争方式。于是,寒山在现代主义中被复活了。
寒山诗是经由日本传入美国的:亚瑟·韦利(Arthur Waley)于1954年出版译作《寒山诗27首》;加里·斯奈德(Gary Snyder)于1958年发表《寒山诗》一文;波顿·沃森(Burton Watson)于1963年据入矢义高所编寒山诗,翻译出版了百首诗集。
然而,真正让寒山子嬉皮士形象深入人心的,是凯鲁亚克于1958年出版的小说《法丐》。这部自传体小说描写了作者与斯奈德的一段友谊。书中描写斯奈德宣讲寒山精神、翻译寒山诗,把美国人的理解阐发到极致。而斯奈德这个在俄勒冈大山里长大的野孩子,不守常规,对东方语言情有独钟并考入加州大学伯克利分校学习东方语言文化。他侧重选择寒山诗歌中有关隐居寒岩和“禅定”的诗句进行翻译。小说最后,斯奈德赴日本修行,作者来到山上,看见一名小小的中国乞丐站在静穆的晨雾中,枯槁的面容带着一种不可名状的幽默。他发现这正是他梦中的斯奈德。至此,斯奈德和寒山成了一体,或者说,“垮掉的一代”的文学流浪者形象和中国疯僧已不可分割。凯鲁亚克在《法丐》开头题上“献给寒山子”,就是献给自身。
嬉皮士们学着寒山子,也在深山奔跑蹦跳,高声呼喊,佯狂似颠。寒山子与尘俗决裂,“我向前溪照碧流,或向岩边坐盘石。心似孤云无所依,悠悠世事何须觅”。嬉皮士们也背离现代文明,甚至解除与家庭的联系,把自己放逐到大路上、荒林中。如凯鲁亚克的《在路上》就是写他浪迹天涯的生活的——从加州到墨西哥,从纽约到丹佛,从洛杉矶到旧金山,凯鲁亚克称之为“一种逃遁”“对一切世俗观念的厌倦”。 工业文明对人的压迫与异化,信仰缺失与物欲横流,让嬉皮士们对灵魂自主有着近乎惨烈的渴求,为此,他们甘愿忍受痛苦和困顿。寒山诗中所表现的诗人身处寒岩而心情僻静泰然,为嬉皮士们供给了一条自我救赎的道路。此外,不可忽视的是,寒山子集儒、释、道于一身,这无疑给海外研究中国传统文化提供了一条捷径。
“人问寒山道,寒山路不通。夏天冰未释,日出雾朦胧。似我何由届,与君心不同。君心若似我,还得到其中。”在现代主义荒原上,寒山子与“垮掉的一代”心意相通。
诗歌与巴别塔
电影《冷山》(也许译为《寒山》更合适)是由查尔斯·弗雷泽同名长篇小说改编而成。小说以美国南北战争为背景,描写人与土地的羁绊,并控诉了战争。小说起始便引用了《寒山诗注》第九首中“人问寒山道,寒山路不通”一句,此处的“寒山”应为双关,既说明了男主人公逃离战争、回乡之路的艰难,毕竟要打通“寒山道”;又暗指了男女主人公背离社会,隐居山林的超脱与叛逆,与寒山子的精神不谋而合。
诗歌是人类语言的巅峰。中国古诗词作为汉语言所特有的一种有韵律、能含蓄凝练表达思想情感的文体之一,翻译的难度非一般文字翻译所可比肩。由于以英文为代表的西方语言的“形合语”与中文的“意合語”之间的巨大差异,中国古诗词走出东亚的儒家文化圈,保留自身的神韵进入西方文化,在许多人眼里,似乎成了不可能完成的任务。诚如弗罗斯特说:“诗乃翻译中失去的东西。”
不能否认古诗词翻译之难,需要译者具有极高的双语文学造诣,但比之中国古典名著的翻译,诗词的翻译却有着其相对优势。前者如《红楼梦》,由于文化差异太大,在翻译成英文过程中,许多内容根本无法找到对等词。鉴于浩繁的典故与社会历史背景细节,或需要补充大量注释,然而累累的注解必然导致阅读的艰涩与诗性的丧失。而诗歌则不同。华兹华斯说,“诗是强烈情感的自然流露”,尤其中文古诗词,多天人合一,意象具体简洁,情感真挚率性,在情感共通的基础上,若能找到符合原诗的译文措辞及韵律,有“信达雅”的译文也非登天之事。我们可以看许渊冲对李清照《声声慢》首句“寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚”的翻译:
I look for what I miss; I know what I miss;
I feel so sad, so drear, so lonely, without cheer.
在节奏、尾韵和情感表达上,许渊冲的译文皆为上乘,译文读者全然可以感受到诗人那种惆怅落寞之情。
回顾历史,放眼今日,会发现不同民族、不同国家之间的文化交流从未停止过,任何一个民族的文化在其发展演进的过程中,都曾借鉴过其他民族文化的精华,以此来矫正或繁荣自身。不论中国古典诗歌对意象派的影响,还是寒山诗对嬉皮士的影响,都是在西方文明需要新鲜血液时,其主动汲取中国古诗词精髓的结果。中国古典诗歌对世界的影响由此可见一斑。而中国古诗词作为一种直抒胸臆、化繁为简的语言形式,作为一种人类都能感同身受的情感与意志载体,难道不是让世界理解中华文明的一个已打通的切入口、一扇敞开的小窗?对此,我们又能做些什么?
has become a poetical phenomenon. Launched in 2016, the television blockbuster aims to “promote Chinese poetry, seek cultural genes and interpret the beauty of life”.
Chinese poetry has long since gone international. It not only goes international, but also plays a part in showing the world how to express oneself in poems. In the early 20th century, a new poetry movement bloomed in USA from 1912 to 1922. The most eye-catching phenomenon of the movement was imagism. Technically, poets of this school learned a great deal from ancient Chinese poems. Ezra Pound, a leader of imagism, had close ties with ancient Chinese poetry.
Ezra Pound first accessed the Chinese poetry through the notes of Ernest Fenollosa (1853-1908), an American art historian of Japanese art, professor of philosophy and political economy at Tokyo Imperial University. During his stay in Japan from 1896 to 1900, he studied Chinese poetry under the tutelage of Japanese sinologists and jotted down quite a few notes. After he passed away, his wife published his book on the history of oriental art, but didn’t know how to handle the notes he had taken. She pondered to find a poet who could interpret the notes and translate these notes into poems. Then she ran into Pound in London toward the end of 1912. In his 20s, Pound, tired of European centralism, was passionate about exotic countries. She sent all her husband’s notes on Chinese and Japanese literature to Pound. Pound saw in Fenollosa’s notes what he had been trying to find. In 1914, he published , a book of translations based on the notes on 19 Chinese poems. With inadequate knowledge of Chinese, Pound didn’t do translation word for word. The translations were actually rewriting in the free verse style. His approach coincided with imagism. caused a sensation in the west and further established Pound’s fame as a poet. In the 1950s, Hanshan, a fabled Chinese monk poet, was made widely known in the west. Hanshan or literarily Cold Mountain was a legendary person of the Tang (618-907). He lived in Tiantai Mountain in present-day Zhejiang. Where he came from and what his original name was before he converted to Buddhism isn’t seen in written history. In the history of Chinese poetry, the seemingly crazy monk was ignored for more than a thousand years. It is widely agreed in China that the poems written in a simple and plain style are worthy. However, the poems respond to everyday events and situations the monk encounters. They are much easier to translate than those by Li Bai and Du Fu, two great poets of the Tang. The poems, which portray a person who breaks away from conventions and abandons himself to nature, touched the hearts of the “Beat Generation”. That explains why Hanshan appeals to some modernist poets.
Hanshan’s poems went to American readers via Japan. In 1954, Arthur Waley published 27 poems of Hanshan. Gary Snyder published an essay on Cold Mountain poems in Evergreen Review in 1958. Burton Watson published in 1962. In 1958, Jack Kerouac published . In this novel, a character based on the poet and essayist Gary Snyder talks about the Chinese monk and his poems in length. The book had a significant influence on the Hippie counterculture of the 1960s.
, a 1997 major fiction bestseller by Charles Frazier, has a translation of a line from a poem by Hanshan: Men ask the way to Cold Mountain. Cold Mountain: there’s no through trail. The fact that Cold Mountain, a novel, quotes a line by a Chinese poet named Cold Mountain aka Hanshan is very interesting indeed.
Cultural exchanges have never really ceased in the history of our civilization. A culture absorbs from other cultures to improve and flourish. Ancient Chinese poetry is part of the literature wealth of the world. It affects the way people feel about themselves and the world.
中国古诗词也曾有一条西渐之路,在西方世界广受欢迎。我们在此回顾、评说,意在一窥人类的共通之情是如何在诗歌中复兴并流转的,去印证110年前鲁迅先生所言“人生诚理,直笼其辞句中,使闻其声者,灵府郎然,与人生即会”。
用自然之力重构诗性
20世纪初,美国新诗运动(1912—1922)兴起。其中最引人瞩目的,首推意象派运动。意象派诗人从中国古典诗歌中找到了理论支撑点,掀起了一场翻译和阐释的热潮。作为意象派执牛耳者,庞德与中国古典诗歌有着不解之缘。
1912年年底,东方学家费诺罗萨的妻子玛丽在伦敦遇上了二十郎当、意气风发的庞德,可能是庞德对欧洲中心主义的不屑、对异国文化的博闻和热情,让她决定把亡夫全部的中日文学笔记寄给庞德。
費诺罗萨主要研究日本美术,1896年至1900年他再赴日本常住,并向有贺永雄等著名汉学家学习中国诗,留有大量笔记。1908年他去世后,妻子玛丽整理出版了其东方美术史著作,但对其中国诗笔记却一筹莫展,一直思忖寻找一名诗人与亡灵“合作翻译”。
庞德得到遗稿时,惊异于汉字作为诗歌语言的伟大创举,他让中文开始作为诗性语言进入了西方美学视域。
其实,早在1912年之前,庞德发起意象运动时,就有自己的诗学主张,而费诺罗萨的笔记与之不谋而合。笔记强调,汉字不像字母文字,是约定俗成的符号,是大自然活动的生动速写画;而当时的西方文字“为了求快求准,我们被迫把每个词的意义锉到最狭小的边缘”,因此越来越抽象,就如涂香料的木乃伊,只有学者和诗人痛苦地沿着词源学摸索回去。
在费诺罗萨和庞德看来,汉字天然拥有诗性,是因为它保留着创造的冲动和过程,具体、真实而生动。“诗的语言永远振动着一层层的陪音和自然的亲和力,但在中文里,比喻的可见性把这种品质提高到最强的力度”。他将这种“尽可能返回自然物”的诗学带入了西方文学界。
1914年,庞德从费诺罗萨遗稿中整理翻译出十九首中文诗,包括《诗经》一首、古乐府两首、陶潜诗一首、卢照邻诗一首、王维诗一首、李白诗十二首,结为《华夏集》。除了礼拜《长干行》以外,与其说是翻译,毋宁说是改写。不太懂中文的庞德自然没有原诗掣肘,他用自由诗体再创作,也符合意象派诗人用口语与节奏创造诗歌意象的原则。
《华夏集》甫一出版,即引起轰动。语言简练流畅,文字无一赘述,意象简洁易懂,让T.S.艾略特盛赞庞德为“中国诗歌的发明者”。
庞德领会了中国古诗的意象在于含蓄而形象地表达“人生微妙之刹那”,比如马致远的《天净沙·秋思》:“枯藤老树昏鸦,小桥流水人家,古道西风瘦马。夕阳西下,断肠人在天涯。”而我们再看庞德著名的《底下车站》(钟鲲译):
人群中幻影般浮现的脸
潮湿的,黑色树枝上的花瓣
这首庞德最著名的诗起初有三十行,庞德在一年时间内做减法,最终只剩两行。它在句法、意象表达上充分继承了中国诗意象的衣钵,草草几笔将巴黎协和广场地铁站人潮浮动的一瞬定格在了文字的画布上。庞德从汉字和最能体现“汉字诗学”的古诗中找到了适合表达自己情思之法,并在此基础上提出了自己的诗学主张,通过学习、借鉴、模仿中国古诗意象的创造和独特的句法结构,使自己的意象日臻成熟。
我们在荒原上跳舞
时人见寒山,各谓是风颠。
貌不起人目,身唯布裘缠。
我语他不会,他语我不言。
为报往来者,可来向寒山。
20世纪四五十年代,一位在中国鲜有人问津的诗人之诗在大洋彼岸被广为传颂,诗人本人也被嬉皮士们奉为精神偶像,那名诗人乃浙江天台寒山子。
寒山子,唐代人士,不知原名,更不知何处来。他居住天台寒岩,喜于山林间吟诗啸歌。在中国诗歌史上,这个疯疯癫癫的老头子被冷落了一千多年,学术界大凡认为因其彻底不仕,归隐山林,且作品多为白话诗,在当时不登大雅之堂,但这两个特点使他的作品为时所拘,也为时所兴。
因为是白话入诗,所以在翻译上,寒山诗比李杜的旧体诗更简单,也更生动,自然更易流传。寒山诗中背离社会、纵情自然的态度,正唱和“垮掉的一代”的嬉皮士对工业文明的抗争方式。于是,寒山在现代主义中被复活了。
寒山诗是经由日本传入美国的:亚瑟·韦利(Arthur Waley)于1954年出版译作《寒山诗27首》;加里·斯奈德(Gary Snyder)于1958年发表《寒山诗》一文;波顿·沃森(Burton Watson)于1963年据入矢义高所编寒山诗,翻译出版了百首诗集。
然而,真正让寒山子嬉皮士形象深入人心的,是凯鲁亚克于1958年出版的小说《法丐》。这部自传体小说描写了作者与斯奈德的一段友谊。书中描写斯奈德宣讲寒山精神、翻译寒山诗,把美国人的理解阐发到极致。而斯奈德这个在俄勒冈大山里长大的野孩子,不守常规,对东方语言情有独钟并考入加州大学伯克利分校学习东方语言文化。他侧重选择寒山诗歌中有关隐居寒岩和“禅定”的诗句进行翻译。小说最后,斯奈德赴日本修行,作者来到山上,看见一名小小的中国乞丐站在静穆的晨雾中,枯槁的面容带着一种不可名状的幽默。他发现这正是他梦中的斯奈德。至此,斯奈德和寒山成了一体,或者说,“垮掉的一代”的文学流浪者形象和中国疯僧已不可分割。凯鲁亚克在《法丐》开头题上“献给寒山子”,就是献给自身。
嬉皮士们学着寒山子,也在深山奔跑蹦跳,高声呼喊,佯狂似颠。寒山子与尘俗决裂,“我向前溪照碧流,或向岩边坐盘石。心似孤云无所依,悠悠世事何须觅”。嬉皮士们也背离现代文明,甚至解除与家庭的联系,把自己放逐到大路上、荒林中。如凯鲁亚克的《在路上》就是写他浪迹天涯的生活的——从加州到墨西哥,从纽约到丹佛,从洛杉矶到旧金山,凯鲁亚克称之为“一种逃遁”“对一切世俗观念的厌倦”。 工业文明对人的压迫与异化,信仰缺失与物欲横流,让嬉皮士们对灵魂自主有着近乎惨烈的渴求,为此,他们甘愿忍受痛苦和困顿。寒山诗中所表现的诗人身处寒岩而心情僻静泰然,为嬉皮士们供给了一条自我救赎的道路。此外,不可忽视的是,寒山子集儒、释、道于一身,这无疑给海外研究中国传统文化提供了一条捷径。
“人问寒山道,寒山路不通。夏天冰未释,日出雾朦胧。似我何由届,与君心不同。君心若似我,还得到其中。”在现代主义荒原上,寒山子与“垮掉的一代”心意相通。
诗歌与巴别塔
电影《冷山》(也许译为《寒山》更合适)是由查尔斯·弗雷泽同名长篇小说改编而成。小说以美国南北战争为背景,描写人与土地的羁绊,并控诉了战争。小说起始便引用了《寒山诗注》第九首中“人问寒山道,寒山路不通”一句,此处的“寒山”应为双关,既说明了男主人公逃离战争、回乡之路的艰难,毕竟要打通“寒山道”;又暗指了男女主人公背离社会,隐居山林的超脱与叛逆,与寒山子的精神不谋而合。
诗歌是人类语言的巅峰。中国古诗词作为汉语言所特有的一种有韵律、能含蓄凝练表达思想情感的文体之一,翻译的难度非一般文字翻译所可比肩。由于以英文为代表的西方语言的“形合语”与中文的“意合語”之间的巨大差异,中国古诗词走出东亚的儒家文化圈,保留自身的神韵进入西方文化,在许多人眼里,似乎成了不可能完成的任务。诚如弗罗斯特说:“诗乃翻译中失去的东西。”
不能否认古诗词翻译之难,需要译者具有极高的双语文学造诣,但比之中国古典名著的翻译,诗词的翻译却有着其相对优势。前者如《红楼梦》,由于文化差异太大,在翻译成英文过程中,许多内容根本无法找到对等词。鉴于浩繁的典故与社会历史背景细节,或需要补充大量注释,然而累累的注解必然导致阅读的艰涩与诗性的丧失。而诗歌则不同。华兹华斯说,“诗是强烈情感的自然流露”,尤其中文古诗词,多天人合一,意象具体简洁,情感真挚率性,在情感共通的基础上,若能找到符合原诗的译文措辞及韵律,有“信达雅”的译文也非登天之事。我们可以看许渊冲对李清照《声声慢》首句“寻寻觅觅,冷冷清清,凄凄惨惨戚戚”的翻译:
I look for what I miss; I know what I miss;
I feel so sad, so drear, so lonely, without cheer.
在节奏、尾韵和情感表达上,许渊冲的译文皆为上乘,译文读者全然可以感受到诗人那种惆怅落寞之情。
回顾历史,放眼今日,会发现不同民族、不同国家之间的文化交流从未停止过,任何一个民族的文化在其发展演进的过程中,都曾借鉴过其他民族文化的精华,以此来矫正或繁荣自身。不论中国古典诗歌对意象派的影响,还是寒山诗对嬉皮士的影响,都是在西方文明需要新鲜血液时,其主动汲取中国古诗词精髓的结果。中国古典诗歌对世界的影响由此可见一斑。而中国古诗词作为一种直抒胸臆、化繁为简的语言形式,作为一种人类都能感同身受的情感与意志载体,难道不是让世界理解中华文明的一个已打通的切入口、一扇敞开的小窗?对此,我们又能做些什么?
has become a poetical phenomenon. Launched in 2016, the television blockbuster aims to “promote Chinese poetry, seek cultural genes and interpret the beauty of life”.
Chinese poetry has long since gone international. It not only goes international, but also plays a part in showing the world how to express oneself in poems. In the early 20th century, a new poetry movement bloomed in USA from 1912 to 1922. The most eye-catching phenomenon of the movement was imagism. Technically, poets of this school learned a great deal from ancient Chinese poems. Ezra Pound, a leader of imagism, had close ties with ancient Chinese poetry.
Ezra Pound first accessed the Chinese poetry through the notes of Ernest Fenollosa (1853-1908), an American art historian of Japanese art, professor of philosophy and political economy at Tokyo Imperial University. During his stay in Japan from 1896 to 1900, he studied Chinese poetry under the tutelage of Japanese sinologists and jotted down quite a few notes. After he passed away, his wife published his book on the history of oriental art, but didn’t know how to handle the notes he had taken. She pondered to find a poet who could interpret the notes and translate these notes into poems. Then she ran into Pound in London toward the end of 1912. In his 20s, Pound, tired of European centralism, was passionate about exotic countries. She sent all her husband’s notes on Chinese and Japanese literature to Pound. Pound saw in Fenollosa’s notes what he had been trying to find. In 1914, he published , a book of translations based on the notes on 19 Chinese poems. With inadequate knowledge of Chinese, Pound didn’t do translation word for word. The translations were actually rewriting in the free verse style. His approach coincided with imagism. caused a sensation in the west and further established Pound’s fame as a poet. In the 1950s, Hanshan, a fabled Chinese monk poet, was made widely known in the west. Hanshan or literarily Cold Mountain was a legendary person of the Tang (618-907). He lived in Tiantai Mountain in present-day Zhejiang. Where he came from and what his original name was before he converted to Buddhism isn’t seen in written history. In the history of Chinese poetry, the seemingly crazy monk was ignored for more than a thousand years. It is widely agreed in China that the poems written in a simple and plain style are worthy. However, the poems respond to everyday events and situations the monk encounters. They are much easier to translate than those by Li Bai and Du Fu, two great poets of the Tang. The poems, which portray a person who breaks away from conventions and abandons himself to nature, touched the hearts of the “Beat Generation”. That explains why Hanshan appeals to some modernist poets.
Hanshan’s poems went to American readers via Japan. In 1954, Arthur Waley published 27 poems of Hanshan. Gary Snyder published an essay on Cold Mountain poems in Evergreen Review in 1958. Burton Watson published in 1962. In 1958, Jack Kerouac published . In this novel, a character based on the poet and essayist Gary Snyder talks about the Chinese monk and his poems in length. The book had a significant influence on the Hippie counterculture of the 1960s.
, a 1997 major fiction bestseller by Charles Frazier, has a translation of a line from a poem by Hanshan: Men ask the way to Cold Mountain. Cold Mountain: there’s no through trail. The fact that Cold Mountain, a novel, quotes a line by a Chinese poet named Cold Mountain aka Hanshan is very interesting indeed.
Cultural exchanges have never really ceased in the history of our civilization. A culture absorbs from other cultures to improve and flourish. Ancient Chinese poetry is part of the literature wealth of the world. It affects the way people feel about themselves and the world.