1853至1856年发生的克里木战争,由于英、法、奥和撒丁王国联合进行干涉,战争以俄国的失败而告终。这次战争是19世纪30年代以来国际矛盾发展的必然结果。当时欧洲国际关系的特点是:1839至1841年的东方危机暂时过去之后,俄国梦想实现吞并君士坦丁堡的传统国策,想利用外交上的成就巩固农奴制度,加强在土耳其的势力;而英、法两国资产阶级政府也力图把土耳其控制在自己手中。在这剑拔驽张的形势下,竞争双方不惜通过武力以达到自己的目的,很显然,更严重的近东战争危机在孕育之中。一、主要参战国的国内经济、政治背景及对外政策 The war in Crimea, which took place between 1853 and 1856, ended in a joint failure of the British, French and Austrian forces and the Kingdom of Sardinia, ending the defeat of Russia. This war was the inevitable result of the development of international conflicts since the 1930s. At that time, the characteristics of European international relations at the time were as follows: after the temporary crisis of 1839 to 1841, the Russian crisis dreamed of the traditional national policy of annexing Constantinople, trying to use diplomatic achievements to consolidate the serfdom and strengthen the forces in Turkey; The French and French bourgeois governments also sought to keep Turkey under their control. In this situation of indiscriminate fighting, the two parties in competition did not hesitate to use force to achieve their goal. Obviously, the more serious crisis in the Near East war was under way. First, the main participating countries of the domestic economy, political background and foreign policy