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通过三年定位试验,研究了吉林省春玉米主产区(公主岭和乾安)农民习惯与优化施肥模式对玉米产量、养分吸收利用、土壤养分变化及收支平衡的影响。结果表明,公主岭和乾安优化施肥玉米产量较农民习惯施肥分别增产6.8%~9.2%和6.3%~12.9%,差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。与农民习惯施肥相比,公主岭和乾安优化施肥肥料吸收利用率分别提高46.9%和26.4%、农学利用率分别提高45.9%和32.6%、偏生产力分别提高35.2%和22.5%,差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。优化施肥30~90 cm土壤无机氮含量和0~40 cm土壤有效磷含量均低于农民习惯施肥,0~40 cm土壤速效钾含量高于农民习惯施肥。与试验起始时相比,农民习惯施肥30~90 cm土壤无机氮含量与0~40 cm土壤有效磷含量均有明显提高,0~30 cm土壤无机氮含量和0~40 cm土壤速效钾含量下降。而优化施肥处理0~90 cm土壤无机氮含量,0~40 cm土壤有效磷含量和速效钾含量变化幅度较小。玉米收获期土壤氮、磷、钾养分表观平衡估算结果表明,优化施肥和农民习惯施肥土壤氮、磷素均出现盈余,钾素亏缺。与农民习惯施肥相比,公主岭和乾安优化施肥处理氮盈余量分别下降86.3%和93.3%,磷盈余量分别下降98.1%和92.1%,钾亏缺量分别下降16.5%和34.0%。综上所述,农民习惯施肥模式使土壤氮素和磷素大量残留,钾素亏缺,而优化施肥模式在提高产量和肥料利用率的同时,降低了氮、磷的损失和钾的亏缺。
Through the three-year experiment, the effects of peasant habits and optimized fertilization modes on yield and nutrient uptake and utilization of maize, changes in soil nutrients and balance of payments were studied in the main spring maize producing areas (Gongzhuling and Qian’an) in Jilin Province. The results showed that the yield of maize and maize optimized fertilization increased by 6.8% ~ 9.2% and 6.3% ~ 12.9%, respectively, compared with the conventional fertilization. The difference was significant (P <0.05). Compared with peasants’ habitual fertilization, the absorption and utilization rates of Gongzhuling and Gan’an optimized fertilization fertilizers increased by 46.9% and 26.4% respectively, the agronomic utilization rates increased by 45.9% and 32.6% respectively, and the partial productivity increased by 35.2% and 22.5% respectively, with a significant difference Level (P <0.05). The contents of inorganic nitrogen in 30-90 cm soil layer and available phosphorus in 0-40 cm soil layer in optimized fertilization were lower than those of peasants. Soil available potassium in 0-40 cm soil layer was higher than that of peasants. Compared with the beginning of the experiment, the contents of inorganic nitrogen in 30 ~ 90 cm soil layer and 0 ~ 40 cm soil available phosphorus in peasants increased obviously. The contents of inorganic nitrogen in 0-30 cm soil layer and available potassium in 0-40 cm soil layer decline. However, the soil inorganic N content in 0 ~ 90 cm soil layer of 0-100 cm soil layer was significantly affected by the optimized fertilization, but the content of available phosphorus and available potassium in 0-40 cm soil layer was less. Apparent N, P and K nutrient balance estimation results showed that surplus N and P deficiency occurred in both fertilization and peasant habitat fertilization. Compared with peasants’ habitual fertilization, the nitrogen surplus of Gongzhuling and Gan’an optimized fertilization treatments decreased by 86.3% and 93.3%, and the phosphorus surplus decreased by 98.1% and 92.1% respectively, while the deficit of potassium decreased by 16.5% and 34.0% respectively. To sum up, farmer habitat fertilization mode causes a large amount of soil nitrogen and phosphorus residues, potassium deficiency, and optimized fertilization mode to improve yield and fertilizer utilization, while reducing nitrogen and phosphorus losses and potassium deficiency .