在联产承包责任制成功解决了长期困扰中国的农村发展问题以后，在一种粮食大幅丰收，民心空前统一的美景下，中国约改革大船开始调转船头，向城市改革全面进发。当时有两首脸炙人口的歌曲很能代表那个时代人仁的心情，一是截在希望的田野上》，一是《年轻的朋友们来相会》，一种乐观的激情弥漫着整个社会的各个阶层。但是，城市改革全然不是一个农村式的联产承包就能理定大局，与希望的田野相应的是举步维艰困难重重的城市雷区。而又恰恰不幸的是，两位当时被视为改革先锋人物的雷宇和项南在改革不久后，因为两个失误相继落马，这更是为改革涂上了些许悲壮的色彩。受农村承包制的启发，中央提出了“包字进城，一包则灵”。但是，此间在企业中尝试的利润提成、放权让利、经济责任承包制等等，并没有带来形势的明显好转。反而导致了经济秩序的混乱和物价的上涨。后来的事实一再证明，单纯指望这种战术上的权宜之计来解决企业的根本问题，显然不很实际。甚至于，在这种指导恩想之下，国企改革就注定了要走一条坎坷的路。在国企改革的厉史进程中，我们无法期望当时的改革者能够直指问题的根本。然而，15年后再回首，中国的国企改革并没有把国有企业引导到市场的主体中，参与市场竟争而主要是在调整国家和企的系这个圈子里打转转。就这点而言.当时种种寄予厚望的举措注定了只是一种战术性的试探。如果讲农村改革只是成功地解放了农村生产力的话，那么，城市改革则是开始拉开了一个截然不同的时代的帷幕:改革在观念上的变更来得如此强烈，以至于人们一下子难以适应，体现在体制改革、利益分配、失业、保障、社会公平、传统、改革成本及其分配、国有企业、国有经济、阶级阶层等方面。 机构改革及其相应的民主试验也是这一时期的话题之一，虽然这个问题和国企问题一样几乎伴随着整个的改革进程，但此期间机构改革的重点是放在政府的管理如何促进商品经济的发展，更多是政府的补课。这一时期，最惊心动魄的事莫过于强闯物价关了。这场中央的强势决策同民众的快速反应都出后人之意料。幸运的是，政府的强势最终能够遏制住这场不成功的物价改革可能带来的后果。当然，问题和不满的积累也成了一个不容回避的瞬题。最激动人心的当然非海南建省莫属。10万人才下海南，除了道出当时人们的开拓激情外，更多的是一种个人价值的全面苏醒。该为这个时代作个结语了:放和收的历史性争论开始在这个时代得以全面验证。改革从放权让利开始，但是，单纯的放权让利又不能保证药到病除。另外，由于改革是一种对原先不合理制度的重，其中需要付出相应约制度创新成本。这一时期，改革成本开始不断凸现，客观形势要求社会应该开始进入一个需要有意识共同分担成本的阶段。改革并非理想之中的甜蜜蜜，甚至于，我们开始慢慢尝到了改革的苦涩。 After the joint-generation contract responsibility system successfully resolved the long-term problems that have plagued China’s rural development, under the beauty of a substantial grain harvest and unprecedented unanimity among the people, China’s large-scale reform ship began to divert the ship’s bow to the goal of urban reform in an all-round way. At that time, there were two popular songs that represented the feelings of human beings in that era. One was cut in the field of hope. The other was that young friends came to meet each other. An optimistic passion filled the whole society All walks of life. However, urban reform can not be rationally determined by not having a rural-style co-production contract. Instead, it is an urban minefield that is struggling with difficulties in line with the field of hope. However, unfortunately, two of Rayleigh and Xiangnan, who were at the time regarded as pioneers in the reform, took a tragic turn for the better after the two mistakes went wrong in the near future. Inspired by the rural contract system, the central government put forward the idea of ​​“putting a word into the city and a bag of spirit.” However, the profits commissioned in the enterprise, the delegation of power and the concession of profits, the contractual system of economic responsibility, etc., did not bring about a marked improvement in the situation here. Instead, it has led to chaos in the economic order and rising prices. Facts have proved again and again that it is obviously not very practical to simply count on such tactical expedients to solve the fundamental problems of enterprises. Even under such guidance, the reform of state-owned enterprises is doomed to go a rough road. In the course of the great progress in the reform of state-owned enterprises, we can not expect the reformers at that time to point directly to the root cause of the problems. However, looking back 15 years later, the reform of state-owned enterprises in China did not lead the state-owned enterprises to the main body of the market. Instead, they participated in the market competition mainly in the circle of adjusting the system of state and enterprises. In that regard, all the high hopes were doomed to be just a tactical testament. If we talk about rural reform, which succeeded in liberating rural productive forces, then urban reform started the curtain of a completely different era: the change of ideas in the reform has been so strong that people suddenly find it hard to adapt and embody In the aspects of system reform, profit distribution, unemployment, guarantee, social equity, tradition, reform cost and distribution, state-owned enterprises, state-owned economy and class stratum. Institutional reform and its corresponding democratization test were also one of the topics during this period. Although this issue is almost accompanied by the entire reform process, like the issue of state-owned enterprises, the institutional reform during this period focused on how government management promoted the development of the commodity economy Development, more is the government remedial class. This period, the most thrilling thing is to bargain prices. The strong reaction of the central government with the rapid decision-making by the public have come out of descendants’ expectations. Fortunately, the government’s strength eventually stops the consequences of this unsuccessful price reform. Of course, the accumulation of problems and dissatisfaction has become an unavoidable transient. Of course, the most exciting is none other than Hainan Province. 100000 talents under Hainan, in addition to reveal the people’s pioneering passion at the time, more is a full recovery of personal value. It is time for this epoch to conclude: the historic debate on letting and taking is beginning to be fully validated in this age. The reform started with the granting of power and giving relief. However, the mere delegation of power and deportation can not guarantee that the medicine will get rid of illness. In addition, since the reform is a heavy burden on the original unreasonable system, there is a need to pay a corresponding innovation cost. During this period, the reform cost began to emerge constantly. The objective situation requires that the society should start to enter a stage that requires conscious and shared cost. Reform is not the ideal sweetness, even as we slowly began to taste the bitterness of the reform.