我在本书第一章的末尾谈到小说在印象主义时期如何经历了重大改造。即使在那个时期,它依然是受俗套重重约束的一种形式。从福楼拜与莫泊桑的早期法国“现实主义”传统得到启发的作家,如詹姆斯和康拉德等人,觉察到了要为小说彻底重行定向的必要。可能是受到当时盛行的科学的因果关系学说的影响,他们 At the end of the first chapter of this book, I talked about how the novel underwent significant transformation during the period of Impressionism. Even then, it was still a form bound by the cliche. Writers inspired by the early French “realist” traditions of Flaubert and Maupassant, such as James and Conrad, were aware of the need to redirect the novel completely. They may be affected by the doctrine of causal relations that was prevalent then