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明清两代卫所屯田的所有权形态,以雍正五年(1727)至七年的屯田私有化政策为界,之前完全为国有制,之后转以私有制为主。在屯田国有制时期,以宣德十年(1435)至正统二年(1437)“诏免正粮上仓”为界,屯田经营方式可区分为领种制和租佃制两个阶段。在租佃制时期,屯军逐渐拥有屯田的永佃权、田面权,分割、削弱了国家的屯田所有权,对屯田走向私有化起到关键作用。雍正年间,清廷颁布屯田私有化政策,起初试图采用“赎买私有化”的办法,结果遭到各省官民抵制,不得不改为“无偿私有化”。该方案在清代归并州县的卫所屯田中切实推行,只有尚未裁撤的漕运卫所、新建卫所屯田仍然保持国有制属性,禁止买卖。福建省的屯田契约文书展示了屯田交易实态的变迁。
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the ownership style of the Mita Village was formally bounded by the policy of privatization of Tuntian in the five years (1727) to the beginning of the 7th year of the Yongzheng Regime. It was completely owned by the state ownership system before it was transferred to private ownership. During the period of state ownership in Tutian County, Xuande ten-year (1435) to orthodox two years (1437) “Zhaozhengzhengcuncang ” as a boundary, the operation mode can be divided into two stages: planting system and tenancy system. During the tenancy system, Tuen Mun gradually owned the permanent tenancy rights and tenure rights of the Miantian area, and severed the state ownership of the Miantian area, which played a key role in the privatization of Mianti. During the Yongzheng period, the Qing government promulgated the policy of privatization of Tuntian. At first, it tried to adopt the method of “redemption of privatization.” The result was boycotted by officials in all provinces and provinces and had to be changed to “free-of-charge privatization.” The program in the Qing Dynasty merged with the state’s Weichengtun effectively implemented, only not yet abolished the waterway health clinics, the new Weicheng Tuntian still maintain state property, the prohibition of trading. Tuntian Contract Document in Fujian Province shows the changes in the real operation of Tuntian.