In spite of a documented reduction in incidence in highincome countries over the last decades, stroke is still a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. With the ageing of the population stroke-related economic burden is expected to increase, because of residual disability and its complications, such as cognitive impairment, high risk of falls and fractures, depression and epilepsy. Furthermore, because of the substantial rate of early and long-term vascular recurrences after the first event, secondary prevention after cerebral ischaemia is a crucial issue. This is even more important after minor stroke and transient ischaemic attack(TIA), in order to reduce the risk of potentially more severe and disabling events. To accomplish this aim, acute long-term medical and surgical treatments as well aslifestyle modifications are strongly recommended. However, apart from the well-established indications to thrombolysis, studies in acute phase after a first stroke or TIA are scarce and evidence is lacking. More trials are available for long-term secondary prevention with different classes of drugs, including antithrombotic medications for ischaemic events of arterial and cardiac origin, especially related to atrial fibrillation(antiplatelets and anticoagulants, respectively), lipid lowering agents(mainly statins), blood pressure lowering drugs, surgical and endovascular revascularization procedures. In spite of a documented reduction in incidence in highincome countries over the last decades, stroke is still a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. With the ageing of the population stroke-related economic burden is expected to increase, because of residual disability and its complications, such as cognitive impairment, high risk of falls and fractures, depression and epilepsy. This is the substantial rate of early and long-term vascular recurrences after the first event, secondary prevention after cerebral ischaemia is a crucial issue. This is even more important after minor stroke and transient ischaemic attack (TIA), in order to reduce the risk of potentially more severe and disabling events. To accomplish this aim, acute long-term medical and surgical treatments as well aslifestyle modifications are strongly recommended. , apart from the well-established indications to thrombolysis, studies in acute phase after a first stroke or TIA are scarce an d evidence is lacking. More trials are available for long-term secondary prevention with different classes of drugs, including antithrombotic medications for ischaemic events of arterial and cardiac origin, especially related to atrial fibrillation (antiplatelets and anticoagulants, respectively), lipid lowering agents ( mainly statins), blood pressure lowering drugs, surgical and endovascular revascularization procedures.