大多数考虑全球问题的研究者往往按一套地球内部是如何起作用的普遍假定进行工作,这些假定可以概括为如下范例。地幔对流是定常的,是由地幔自行加热或地核上来的热造成的热膨胀驱动的。板块构造或类似的构造,包括向深部俯冲,在整个地史大部分时期内都在起作用,大陆是这一体系中的不活动单元。视极移总是受板块运动控制的,而不是受整个地幔相对于地极的运动控制的。玄武岩是富含橄榄石的石榴石橄榄岩地幔的部分熔体。大洋中脊玄武岩或拉斑玄武岩是深约 Most researchers considering global issues tend to work on the common assumption that how the interior of the earth works, and these assumptions can be summarized in the following example. Mantle convection is constant and is driven by the thermal expansion of the mantle itself or the heat of the Earth’s core. Plate tectonics or similar structures, including subduction to the deep, have worked throughout most of the history, and the continent is the inactive unit of the system. The apparent displacement is always controlled by the plate motion rather than by the movement of the entire mantle relative to the ground. Basalt is a partial melt of olivine-rich garnet peridotite mantle. Mid-oceanic basalts or tholei basalts are deep