一、问题的提出制度是社会或者其他微观经济实体中个人所遵循的行为规则。从制度的需求角度来讲,它的发生和存在是预期成本和预期收益对比的结果。也就是说,如果预期收益大于预期成本,一项制度就会被建立。制度必须保证经济实体获得收益。(一)制度成本发生的必然性新古典经济学 First, the proposed system of questions is the rules of behavior followed by individuals in society or other micro-economic entities. From the perspective of the demand of the system, its occurrence and existence are the result of comparing the expected cost with the expected return. In other words, if the expected return is greater than the expected cost, a system will be established. The system must ensure that the economic entity gains. (A) the inevitability of institutional costs Neoclassical economics