家外有宅:北京市家庭多套住宅的空间关系研究

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自住房制度改革以来,中国城市家庭从计划经济时期以租赁公房为主转变成了多样化的住房来源和产权,并且出现了较高比例的拥有多套住宅。在理论上用地方效用互补和空间扩散规律来解释多套住宅的空间关系,并按照第二住宅持有目的分为投资型、休闲度假型、安置亲属型、便利型和市场障碍型,分析了不同类别第二住宅和首要居所的空间关系。然后以北京为例,运用2009年北京市家庭住房调查数据和访谈资料实证分析,发现多套住宅的持有目的、使用状态、房屋特征和社区类别的差异明显,符合地方效用互补规律;多套住宅的空间关系符合距离衰减、等级扩散和关系网络扩散规律。首要居所和第二住宅的区位组合以同城为主,距离越远,频率衰减;存在目的地城市的等级扩散,亲情网络和组织网络也有助于空间扩散。不同类型的第二住宅在区位、距离、交通方式有明显差异。多套住房消费和投资作为“现代性”生活方式的一部分,与西方无根本不同,但是中国特有的住房体系、住房文化和税收政策是其成因,空间模式也有所不同。 Since the reform of the housing system, urban families in China have been transformed from renting public housing to diversified housing sources and property rights during the planned economy period, and a large proportion of them own multiple sets of dwellings. In theory, we use the local complementarity and spatial diffusion rules to explain the spatial relationship of multiple dwelling houses. According to the purpose of second dwelling householding, we divide them into investment-oriented, vacation-leisure type, relatives, convenience and market barriers. Spatial relations between different types of second-class residences and primary residences. Then taking Beijing as an example, using the data of Beijing family housing survey in 2009 and interview data, it is found that there are obvious differences in the purpose, use status, housing characteristics and community categories of multiple dwelling houses, which accords with the complementary laws of local utility; The spatial relationship of dwelling houses conforms to the rules of distance decay, hierarchy spread and network proliferation. The combination of primary residence and secondary residence is dominated by the same city. The farther the distance is, the more the frequency decays. The existence of the diffusion of the destination cities, the affection network and the organizational network also contribute to the spatial diffusion. Different types of second homes in the location, distance, mode of transport have significant differences. As a part of “modernity ” way of life, consumption and investment in multiple housing units are not fundamentally different from those in the West. However, China’s unique housing system, housing culture and taxation policies are its causes and their spatial patterns are also different.
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