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1961年约瑟夫.海勒的长篇小说《第二十二条军规》问世了,使美国小说走进了“黑色幽默”(Black Humor)的新时代。小说以奇特的艺术手法,描写了二战中一支美国空军中队官员勾结赚钱的腐败现象,揭露了美国官僚机构随心所欲地解释军队的规定,设下骗局,谋取私利,坑害别人的丑行。小说的一大特点是作家利用多种手法制造幽默,恣意夸大(人物与事体),加以变形,使之不协调、漫画化、怪诞化、滑稽化、行为古怪荒唐,令人哭笑不得。总体来说黑色幽默小说具有以下三个艺术特色:幽默风格的特殊性,作品人物“反英雄”形象和叙事结构的“反小说”化。
In 1961, Joseph H. Heller’s novel “Twenty-Two Military Rules” came out so that American novels entered a new era of “Black Humor.” The novel portrays the corrupt practices of a U.S. Air Force squadron leader in making money during World War II, exposing the bureaucracy in the United States to arbitrarily interpret the rules of the armed forces, set up scams, seek personal gain, and jeopardize other people’s scandal. One of the major features of the novel is that writers use a variety of techniques to make humor, which is exaggerated (characters and things), deformed, disorganized, comicized, weird, funny, and ridiculous in behavior. Generally speaking, the black humorous novel has the following three artistic features: the particularity of the humorous style, the “anti-fiction” of the characters “anti-hero” and narrative structure.