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摘 要：按照考试说明和新的课程标准要求，高中生在英语阅读中要具备猜测词义的能力，即从已知推求未知。因此，历年高考英语将猜测词义列为考查阅读理解能力的一个重要方面。词义猜测题包括对超纲词义的推断以及熟词生义的猜测。本文结合最近几年的高考阅读理解语篇，具体分析，归纳六种猜测词义的常用方法。
关键词：技巧 猜测 能力 高考
在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词，这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度，影响对语篇的整体把握。《高中英语课程标准》在“语言技能”部分强调高中生要能够做到“能利用上下文和句子结构猜测词义”；“能通过上下文克服生词困难，理解语篇意义”；“能根据情景和上下文猜测不熟悉的语言现象”。在“学习策略”部分强调高中生在认知策略上做到“在听和读的过程中，借助情景和上下文猜测词义或推测段落大意”。由此可见，高中英语课程的国家指导性文件明确提出了猜测词义的要求。猜测词义已被视为高中英语词汇扩展的一个重要学习策略。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解，提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。
一、题型特点与命题方式
此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句义题。因为猜测词组、句义题涉及题材背景、句子结够、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨，整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测力度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。
1. 要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。
2. 要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。
3. 代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“递向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。
高考中猜测词义题常见的题干有：
1. The underlined word/phrase “…” refer to…
2. The word /phrase “…” in the … sentence refers to…
3. What is the meaning of “…” in line…?
4. The word/phrase “…” in the …paragraph can be best replaced by…
5. Which of the following has the closest meaning to “…”
……
二、解题思路与应试技巧
猜测词义是应用语言的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它需要准确无误地理解上下文，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系，因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。同时，命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，学生要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。学生可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义，学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。
为此，本人自编了一套顺口溜帮助学生记忆猜测词义解题技巧。
定义释义读仔细，词根词缀需牢记。
上下左右找玄机，句法功能谨分析。
同义反义要推敲，因果转折利用好。
熟练掌握灵活用，见招拆招最重要。
下面结合近几年高考试题，对猜词悟义的技巧加以解读。
1． 定义释义读仔细
如果生词有一个句子或段落来定义,或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容和引号、括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。定义释义也常位于that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, for example, such as, like等之后。
(2009福建卷，E篇)
In his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reaching extremely important tipping points, such as the melting（融化）of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.
The underlined words “tipping points” most probably refer to ________.
A. freezing pointsB. burning points
C. melting points D. boiling points
解析：根据后一句的such as the melting（融化）of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.可知tipping points的意思是“融点”。因此答案为：C。
2． 词根词缀需牢记
在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。
在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。
(2009重庆卷，A篇 )
As water percolates (渗透) downward, itdissolves organic matter and minerals from the soil and carries them to deeper layers. This causes a serious problem because plants require these nutrients for growth.
The underlined word “dissolves” is used to express the idea that organic matters and mineralsfrom soil are ________.
A. rushed away into the river
B. cleaned and purified by water
C. destroyed and carried away by water
D. mixed with water and become part of it
解析：前缀dis 有“apart 分离”之意；词根solve有“to loosen”之意再结合上下文，不难判断dissolve 为“溶解”之意，答案为：D。
(2008全国卷I，B篇)
The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater.
The underlined word “fixture” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to something ________.
A. that people enjoy eating
B. that is always present
C. that is difficult to get
D. that people use as a gift
解析：词根fix 有“to fasten 缚；固定” 之意，从文章意思可知，这种新型菠萝很畅销，当然成为了健康饮食人士购物筐中的常客。答案为：B。
3． 上下左右找玄机
通过上下文的具体信息猜测词义是目前高考阅读理解题中最常见的一种命题形式。
(2009重庆卷，A篇)
She stepped to the doorway and shouted at the test of the house, “Now hear this! All objects in this room—if you do anything to upset my husband, out you go!”
Then she turned to me, kissed me, and said calmly, “Honey, you just have to learn how to take control.” With that, she left the room.
After watching a crazy woman rushing in and out, shouting at everything in sight, I noticed that something in my mood（情绪）had changed. I was laughing. How could I have trouble with that phone? Heranties helped me realize I had been driven crazy by small things. Twenty minutes later my agent did call. I was able to listen to him and talk to him calmly.
What does the underlined word “antics” refer to?
A. Smart words. B. Unusual actions.
C. Surprising looks. D. Anxious feelings.
解析：由上文she rushed in, seized the phone, tore off the wires, and shouted at the phone. And she swept it into the
waste basket.以及She stepped to the doorway and shouted at the rest of the house, “Now hear this! All objects in this room — if you do anything to upset my husband, out you go!” 可知，作者的妻子听到作者的吼叫声后，做了一些古怪的事情，如将电话机扔进垃圾箱、对着屋子里的东西喊话等。而正是她的这些古怪的行为让作者突然意识到了自己的失控。由上文这些信息可推知“antics”指的是Unusual actions。答案为B 。
4． 句法功能谨分析
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个定语从句或同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用修饰、同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。
(2010天津卷，B篇)
Such games are entertaining and fun. But perhaps more importantly, theytranslate life into exciting dramas, that teach children some of the basic rules they will be expected to follow the rest of their lives such as taking turns and cooperating.
The underlined part most probably means that games can ________.
A. describe life in an exciting way
B. turn real life experience into a play
C. make learning life skills more interesting
D. change people’s view of sporting events
解析：根据划线句子后的定语从句，能看出在“exciting dramas” 中, 孩子们学习 “some of the basic rules”, 这种学习寓教于乐，一定生动有趣，于是不难判断答案为C。
5．同义反义要推敲
有时在生词所出现的上下文中，会出现与之同义、近义的词语或平行结构，这时可利用熟悉的词语推测生词的词义。常见的表示同义关系的词语有：like, also, in the same way, similarly, just as 等。在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。
(2009重庆卷，B篇)
When things are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that I can’t achieve something. Then, there are otherdistractions, such as family or hobbies. The key is to concentrate.
What does the underlined word “distractions” probably refer to?
A. Ways that help one to focus.
B. Words that help one to feel less tense.
C. Activities that turn one’s attention away.
D. Habits that make it hard for one to relax.
解析:由前面的other可知distractions是与第一句意思基本相同，第一句话表达的是让人注意力分散的事情，并且下文出现了一个关键词concentrate, 这样分析得出答案为C。
(2008江苏卷，A篇)
We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.
The underlined word “ally” in Para. 3 most likely means somebody or something that is ________.
A. your slave and serves you
B. your supporter and helps you
C. under your control and obeys you
D. under your influence and follows you
解析：前一句说“我们可以让时间流逝或让它成为我们的敌人”，下面一句由or引出，表示相反的意思，即：我们可以控制时间，让时间成为我们的朋友来支持我们。由此判断ally 为enemy 的反义词，因此答案为B。
6． 因果转折利用好
在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果或转折关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise，so, because, for, as a result等就可以看到前后句在意义逻辑关系为转折或是因果，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或因果的关系。
(2009陕西卷，C篇)
Even though science can tell us that some of our traditional beliefs don’thold water, there is still a lot of truth in the old wives’ tales.
The phrase “hold water” in the last paragraph most probably means ________.
A. to be believable B. to be valuable
C. to be admirable D. to be suitable
解析：文章中本句意思是即使科学能告诉我们一些传统的想法是经不起检验的，但“老人言”中还有很多正确的东西。根据前后转折的意思可知，hold water在此处意思是：经得起检验的，值得相信的。答案为A。
(2009北京卷，C篇)
So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings. “We have a very limited number of studies, sowe’re almost looking at the problem through a straw (吸管).
The underlined sentence in the last paragraph probably means that ________.
A. the problem is not approached step by step
B. the researchers so far have faults in themselves
C. the problem is too difficult for researchers to detect
D. research in this area is not enough to make generalized patterns
解析：根据划线句子前表示因果关系的“so”结合由前面一句“We have a very limited number of studies”可知，由于研究的对象非常有限，所以对于房间设计影响人们的工作和情绪这一现象只是“管中窥豹”，局限性太强。答案为D。
高考英语阅读理解题不论是在阅读材料的篇幅上，还是在阅读速度方面都对学生提出了更高的要求。而且，在平时的语言学习中，阅读是接触英语，吸收语言材料，培养理解能力的重要途径。在阅读过程中我们一定会遇到一些生词，因此，能够充分利用各种已知信息推测、判断词义是一项重要的阅读技能。在阅读中，我们可以根据语境中的关系，灵活应用上面提到的猜词技巧，解决阅读中的词汇障碍，顺利理解文章的思想内容，从而提高阅读速度和质量，在高考阅读理解试题中取得理想成绩，在平时的英语学习过程中提高阅读水平，获得学习乐趣。
参考文献
1. 陈新妹. “高中英语猜词策略的调查研究” [J]. 中小学英语教学与研究,2004年第6期.
2. 陈小威. 猜词技巧刍议 [J]. 外语教学，1995年01期.
关键词：技巧 猜测 能力 高考
在阅读中我们经常会遇到许多生词，这时许多同学立即翻阅词典，查找词义。这样做不但费时费力，而且影响阅读速度，影响对语篇的整体把握。《高中英语课程标准》在“语言技能”部分强调高中生要能够做到“能利用上下文和句子结构猜测词义”；“能通过上下文克服生词困难，理解语篇意义”；“能根据情景和上下文猜测不熟悉的语言现象”。在“学习策略”部分强调高中生在认知策略上做到“在听和读的过程中，借助情景和上下文猜测词义或推测段落大意”。由此可见，高中英语课程的国家指导性文件明确提出了猜测词义的要求。猜测词义已被视为高中英语词汇扩展的一个重要学习策略。近年来全国统一高考中加大了对考生猜词义能力的考查，因此，掌握一定的猜词技巧，对突破高考阅读理解，提高我们的英语语言能力都有非常重要的意义。
一、题型特点与命题方式
此类题型有逐渐增加的趋势，尤其是猜测词组、句义题。因为猜测词组、句义题涉及题材背景、句子结够、文章主旨、作者的观点态度等。联系主旨，整合上下文信息是解答这类题的关键。近几年阅读理解的生词率略有上升，加大了猜测力度。命题者着重考查考生利用同义或反义关系、构词法、语法和语篇文脉等理解生词的能力。
1. 要求根据阅读材料所提供的信息，结合中学生应有的常识和经验，正确判断生词词组的含义或成熟词在特定语境中表达的具体含义以及一些句子的意思。
2. 要求猜测词义的词一般为实词及其词组，通过构词、定义、对比、因果、联想、上下文等线索确定词义的具体内容。
3. 代词复指理解题也是猜测词义的常考类型。用“逻辑关系梳理法”、“递向寻踪法”理清人物及事物之间的逻辑关系是关键所在。
高考中猜测词义题常见的题干有：
1. The underlined word/phrase “…” refer to…
2. The word /phrase “…” in the … sentence refers to…
3. What is the meaning of “…” in line…?
4. The word/phrase “…” in the …paragraph can be best replaced by…
5. Which of the following has the closest meaning to “…”
……
二、解题思路与应试技巧
猜测词义是应用语言的重要能力，也是高考阅读理解中必考的题型。它需要准确无误地理解上下文，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系，因此熟练掌握一些猜词技巧是做好这类题的关键。同时，命题者在出这类题时惯用常规词义来麻痹考生，学生要特别注意熟词生义，切不可脱离语境主观臆断。学生可以利用语境（各种已知信息）推测、判断某些生词的词义，学会通过构词、定义、同位、对比、因果、常识、同义、反义及上下文线索等确定词义。
为此，本人自编了一套顺口溜帮助学生记忆猜测词义解题技巧。
定义释义读仔细，词根词缀需牢记。
上下左右找玄机，句法功能谨分析。
同义反义要推敲，因果转折利用好。
熟练掌握灵活用，见招拆招最重要。
下面结合近几年高考试题，对猜词悟义的技巧加以解读。
1． 定义释义读仔细
如果生词有一个句子或段落来定义,或使用破折号、冒号、分号后的内容和引号、括号中的内容加以解释和定义，那么理解这个句子或段落本身就是推断词义。定义常用的谓语动词多为：be, mean, be considered, to be, be called, define, represent, refer to, signify 等。定义释义也常位于that is to say, in other words, namely, or other, say, for example, such as, like等之后。
(2009福建卷，E篇)
In his book, he had challenged readers to make deep cuts in personal emissions to keep the world from reaching extremely important tipping points, such as the melting（融化）of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.
The underlined words “tipping points” most probably refer to ________.
A. freezing pointsB. burning points
C. melting points D. boiling points
解析：根据后一句的such as the melting（融化）of the ice sheets in Greenland or West Antarctica.可知tipping points的意思是“融点”。因此答案为：C。
2． 词根词缀需牢记
在猜测词义过程中，我们还可以依靠构词法方面的知识，从生词本身猜测词义。
在英语中，有很多词可以在前面加前缀，在后面加后缀，从而构成一个词，乍看起来，这个词可能是新词，但掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。
(2009重庆卷，A篇 )
As water percolates (渗透) downward, itdissolves organic matter and minerals from the soil and carries them to deeper layers. This causes a serious problem because plants require these nutrients for growth.
The underlined word “dissolves” is used to express the idea that organic matters and mineralsfrom soil are ________.
A. rushed away into the river
B. cleaned and purified by water
C. destroyed and carried away by water
D. mixed with water and become part of it
解析：前缀dis 有“apart 分离”之意；词根solve有“to loosen”之意再结合上下文，不难判断dissolve 为“溶解”之意，答案为：D。
(2008全国卷I，B篇)
The new type of pineapple was selling fast, and the Del Monte Gold pineapple rapidly became a fixture in the shopping basket of the healthy eater.
The underlined word “fixture” in Paragraph 3 probably refers to something ________.
A. that people enjoy eating
B. that is always present
C. that is difficult to get
D. that people use as a gift
解析：词根fix 有“to fasten 缚；固定” 之意，从文章意思可知，这种新型菠萝很畅销，当然成为了健康饮食人士购物筐中的常客。答案为：B。
3． 上下左右找玄机
通过上下文的具体信息猜测词义是目前高考阅读理解题中最常见的一种命题形式。
(2009重庆卷，A篇)
She stepped to the doorway and shouted at the test of the house, “Now hear this! All objects in this room—if you do anything to upset my husband, out you go!”
Then she turned to me, kissed me, and said calmly, “Honey, you just have to learn how to take control.” With that, she left the room.
After watching a crazy woman rushing in and out, shouting at everything in sight, I noticed that something in my mood（情绪）had changed. I was laughing. How could I have trouble with that phone? Heranties helped me realize I had been driven crazy by small things. Twenty minutes later my agent did call. I was able to listen to him and talk to him calmly.
What does the underlined word “antics” refer to?
A. Smart words. B. Unusual actions.
C. Surprising looks. D. Anxious feelings.
解析：由上文she rushed in, seized the phone, tore off the wires, and shouted at the phone. And she swept it into the
waste basket.以及She stepped to the doorway and shouted at the rest of the house, “Now hear this! All objects in this room — if you do anything to upset my husband, out you go!” 可知，作者的妻子听到作者的吼叫声后，做了一些古怪的事情，如将电话机扔进垃圾箱、对着屋子里的东西喊话等。而正是她的这些古怪的行为让作者突然意识到了自己的失控。由上文这些信息可推知“antics”指的是Unusual actions。答案为B 。
4． 句法功能谨分析
阅读中出现的难词有时后面紧跟一个定语从句或同位语，对前面的词进行解释，这时可利用修饰、同位关系对前面或后面的词义或句意进行猜测。
(2010天津卷，B篇)
Such games are entertaining and fun. But perhaps more importantly, theytranslate life into exciting dramas, that teach children some of the basic rules they will be expected to follow the rest of their lives such as taking turns and cooperating.
The underlined part most probably means that games can ________.
A. describe life in an exciting way
B. turn real life experience into a play
C. make learning life skills more interesting
D. change people’s view of sporting events
解析：根据划线句子后的定语从句，能看出在“exciting dramas” 中, 孩子们学习 “some of the basic rules”, 这种学习寓教于乐，一定生动有趣，于是不难判断答案为C。
5．同义反义要推敲
有时在生词所出现的上下文中，会出现与之同义、近义的词语或平行结构，这时可利用熟悉的词语推测生词的词义。常见的表示同义关系的词语有：like, also, in the same way, similarly, just as 等。在一个句子或段落中，有对两个事物或现象进行对比性的描述，我们可以根据生词的反义词猜测其词义。表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要有：unlike, not, but, however, despite, in spite of, in contrast 等。
(2009重庆卷，B篇)
When things are getting hard, a voice inside my head tells me that I can’t achieve something. Then, there are otherdistractions, such as family or hobbies. The key is to concentrate.
What does the underlined word “distractions” probably refer to?
A. Ways that help one to focus.
B. Words that help one to feel less tense.
C. Activities that turn one’s attention away.
D. Habits that make it hard for one to relax.
解析:由前面的other可知distractions是与第一句意思基本相同，第一句话表达的是让人注意力分散的事情，并且下文出现了一个关键词concentrate, 这样分析得出答案为C。
(2008江苏卷，A篇)
We can allow time to slip by and let it be our enemy. Or we can take control of it and make it our ally.
The underlined word “ally” in Para. 3 most likely means somebody or something that is ________.
A. your slave and serves you
B. your supporter and helps you
C. under your control and obeys you
D. under your influence and follows you
解析：前一句说“我们可以让时间流逝或让它成为我们的敌人”，下面一句由or引出，表示相反的意思，即：我们可以控制时间，让时间成为我们的朋友来支持我们。由此判断ally 为enemy 的反义词，因此答案为B。
6． 因果转折利用好
在句子或段落中，若两个事物现象之间构成因果或转折关系，我们可以根据这种逻辑关系推测生词词义。根据上下句的连接词，如but, however, otherwise，so, because, for, as a result等就可以看到前后句在意义逻辑关系为转折或是因果，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。另外，分号也可以表示转折、对比或因果的关系。
(2009陕西卷，C篇)
Even though science can tell us that some of our traditional beliefs don’thold water, there is still a lot of truth in the old wives’ tales.
The phrase “hold water” in the last paragraph most probably means ________.
A. to be believable B. to be valuable
C. to be admirable D. to be suitable
解析：文章中本句意思是即使科学能告诉我们一些传统的想法是经不起检验的，但“老人言”中还有很多正确的东西。根据前后转折的意思可知，hold water在此处意思是：经得起检验的，值得相信的。答案为A。
(2009北京卷，C篇)
So far scientists have focused mainly on public buildings. “We have a very limited number of studies, sowe’re almost looking at the problem through a straw (吸管).
The underlined sentence in the last paragraph probably means that ________.
A. the problem is not approached step by step
B. the researchers so far have faults in themselves
C. the problem is too difficult for researchers to detect
D. research in this area is not enough to make generalized patterns
解析：根据划线句子前表示因果关系的“so”结合由前面一句“We have a very limited number of studies”可知，由于研究的对象非常有限，所以对于房间设计影响人们的工作和情绪这一现象只是“管中窥豹”，局限性太强。答案为D。
高考英语阅读理解题不论是在阅读材料的篇幅上，还是在阅读速度方面都对学生提出了更高的要求。而且，在平时的语言学习中，阅读是接触英语，吸收语言材料，培养理解能力的重要途径。在阅读过程中我们一定会遇到一些生词，因此，能够充分利用各种已知信息推测、判断词义是一项重要的阅读技能。在阅读中，我们可以根据语境中的关系，灵活应用上面提到的猜词技巧，解决阅读中的词汇障碍，顺利理解文章的思想内容，从而提高阅读速度和质量，在高考阅读理解试题中取得理想成绩，在平时的英语学习过程中提高阅读水平，获得学习乐趣。
参考文献
1. 陈新妹. “高中英语猜词策略的调查研究” [J]. 中小学英语教学与研究,2004年第6期.
2. 陈小威. 猜词技巧刍议 [J]. 外语教学，1995年01期.