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1 前言和历史回顾 深水浊积体系在体积上是深海中最重要的碎屑堆积,代表了油气勘探中所剩不多的几个未勘探地区之一。历史上,深水沉积的研究是随海底峡谷的发现和勘察开始的。海底峡谷的起源问题引发了将近一个世纪的热烈讨论。只有在后半世纪回声测深仪被常规使用后研究人员才开始了解到在海底峡谷的深海底下斜坡上碎屑堆积的规模及多样性。这些沉积被命名为三角洲扇体和三角洲锥体(如亚马逊锥体)。与从这些沉积中发现河道体系同时,实验室和野外调查都表明浊流是形成这些峡谷并把沉积物搬入深海的最可能的营力。在连续的四十年里,在大洋中具真正规模的浊流仍未能直接观察到,但它们的作用却从海底通讯电缆和其它人造物体的毁坏上得到了证实。
1 Preface and Historical Review The deep-water turbidite system is volumetrically the most important sedimentary deposit in the deep ocean and represents one of the few remaining unexplored areas in oil and gas exploration. Historically, the study of deep-water sedimentation began with the discovery and exploration of the seabed canyons. The origins of the submarine canyon sparked heated discussions for nearly a century. Only after the second half-century echo sounder was routinely used, did researchers begin to understand the scale and diversity of debris accumulation on deep sub-sea slopes in the submarine canyons. These deposits are named Delta fan and delta cone (such as Amazon cone). Along with the discovery of the river system from these deposits, laboratory and field surveys have shown that turbidity currents are the most likely careers in the formation of these canyons and the movement of sediment into the deep ocean. For four decades in a row, turbid currents of true size in the oceans have not yet been directly observed, but their effects are corroborated by the destruction of submarine communications cables and other man-made objects.