一、序论在与北方游牧民长期的斗争历史中,中国的历代王朝虽承认其他民族的存在,但通过诋毁他们文化低劣、经济落后、道德低下等来确定以中华为中心的天下观。这不仅是由于在与游牧民战争的过程中获胜的可能性不大,而且即便是胜利,实际得到的利益也寥寥无几,以往的经验教训是,只会承担巨大的战费负担等后 I. Preface In the long history of struggle against northern nomads, although China’s dynasties recognized the existence of other ethnic groups, they determined the world outlook centered on China by denigrating their poor culture, economic backwardness and morals. This is not only due to the fact that it is unlikely to win in the war with the nomads, but even the victories are so few in actuality that the previous lesson learned is that only a huge burden of war will be incurred