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As emerging artificial biomimetic membranes,smart or intelligent membranes that are able to respond to environmental stimuli are attracting ever-increasing interests from various fields.Their permeation properties including hydraulic permeability and diffusional permeability can be dramatically controlled or adjusted self-regulatively in response to small chemical and/or physical stimuli in their environments.Such environmental stimuli-responsive smart membranes could find myriad applications in numerous fields ranging from controlled release to separations.Here the trans-membrane mass-transfer and membrane separation is introduced as the beginning to initiate the requirement of smart membranes,and then bio-inspired design of environmental stimuli-responsive smart membranes and four essential elements for smart membranes are introduced and discussed.Next,smart membrane types and their applications as smart tools for controllable mass-transfer in controlled release and separations are reviewed.The research topics in the near future are also suggested.