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Currently,the causal role of Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is inconclusive,in part because of a relatively low HPV copy number and infection rate in ESCC which may be explained by the decrease of HPV viral load after infection and/or a "hit and run" mechanism.Recently,the serological evidence of an association between ESCC and HPV had been found in a global multicentric case-control study.