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The importance of the microenvironment for cancer development, progression and resistance to treatment has recently been recognized.Our group was first to report the contribution of bone marrow (BM) derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) for tumor development and metastasis.BM provides dynamic microenvironment (niche) for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) quiescence and normal hematopoiesis with high local concentrations of growth factors, chemokines and cytokines.Accumulating evidence has also shown that the BM microenvironment plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology and propagation of leukemia.