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Since almost 30 years, when the concept of microbiological monitoring was established, fatal pathogens such as Sendai virus and Mouse hepatitis virus have been present in laboratory animal facilities in Japan.As the laboratory animal facilities were improved, these fatal pathogens seemed to have been eliminated from the laboratory animal facilities in Japan.However, the complete understanding of the microbiological status of laboratory mice and rats is essential because the microenvironments of laboratory animals are continuously changing.