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Historically in the West, stomach ulcers were thought to be a product of psychological stress.Overmier will review the history of the transition from the belief that gastric ulcers are caused primarily by psychological factors to the current state of belief that they are caused primarily by bacterial infection.Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection is now claimed to be the cause of stomach ulcers, displacing psychology as a cause.Overmier will review the possible co-factors in the ulcerative process and challenge the assumed primary role of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection.