早在古希腊城邦社会中,“公”与“私”的分野就已初见端倪。当时,每个自由人都兼有双重身份:一方面,他是特定城邦的市民,在这种身份下,他属于他自己,这是“私”的层面;另一方面,他又是该城邦的公民,在这种身份下,他属于他的城邦,这是“公”的层面,在必要时需要牺牲自己来维护公共利益。~①伯里克利在阵亡将士葬礼上曾演说道,“在解决私人争执的时候,每个人在法律上都是平等的,但一个雅典公民是 As early as in ancient Greek city-states, the distinction between ”male“ and ”private“ has already begun to emerge. At that time, each free man had a dual identity: on the one hand, he was a citizen of a particular city-state, and in that capacity he belonged to himself as a ”private“ level; on the other hand, he was In this capacity, the citizen of the city-state belongs to his city-state, which is the ”public“ level, and sacrifices himself to safeguard the public interest when necessary. Percy Corley had said at the funeral of the fallen soldiers, ”Everyone is legally equal in the settlement of private disputes, but an Athenian citizen is