Previous studies demonstrated that immune cell dysfunction contributed to the development of immunosuppression,which is associated with organ injury and mortality induced by hemorrhagic shock.Dendritic cells(DCs)are the key antigenpresenting cells for the initiation of T-cell dependent immune response,and previous investigations have shown that hemorrhagic shock suppresses splenic DCs maturation and antigen presentation capacity.Meanwhile,our studies indicated the post-hemorrhagic shock mesenteric lymph(PHSML)return promotes the development of hemorrhagic shock-induced systemic inflammatory response syndrome and organ injury.