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In this study, electrospinning was used to fabricate silk fibroin (SF)-based mats, which served as a substrate for culture of rat neural cells.The microscopical observation and physical parameter measurements revealed that the electrospun SF mats had a nanofibrous structure with favorable physical properties.FT-IR analysis provided a chemical characterization about the molecular confirmation of SF proteins in the mat.Morphology and immunocytochemistry showed that the mat supported the survival and growth of cultured neural cells, and MTT analysis indicated that electrospun SF mats extract had no cytotoxic effects on neural cell proliferation.Western blot analysis indicated there was no significant difference in expression levels of some proteins, including GAP-43, MAP-2, NF, and β-tubulin, between hippocampal neurons cultured in the electrospun SF nanofibrous mat extract and in plain neuronal medium.Collectively, all the results suggest that electrospun SF mats might become a candidate scaffold for tissue engineered nerve grafts to promote nerve regeneration.