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Objective To detect the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the retina of diabetic rats ,and to investigate the role of them in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy(DR).Methods 120 SD rats were randomly divided into two groups:control group and DR group.Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ)intraperitoneal injection in DR group.The techniques of immunohistochemical and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) were used to examine the expression of HIF-1α、 VEGF protein and mRNA in retina respectively at 1,3,6 months after STZ injection.Results The result of immunohistochemical and RT-PCR showed that, the expression of HIF-1α 、 VEGF protein and mRNA in retina were not found in control group, but were found gradually increased in DR group (P<0.05).There was a positive correlation between the expression of HIF-1α and that ofVEGF(r=0.630, P<0.05).Conclusions HIF-1 a may regulate the expression of VEGF, and both involved in the pathogenesis of DR.