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It has been observed that rare earth elements(REEs)regulate multiple aspects of plant growth and development since 1917.However,the cellular mechanisms remain largely unclear.Here,using electron microscopic autoradiography,we wondrously show the life cycle of a light REE(lanthanum)and a heavy REE(terbium)in horseradish leaf cells.Our data indicate that REEs were first anchored on the plasma membrane in the form of nanoscale particles,and then entered the cells by endocytosis.Consistently,REEs activated endocytosis in plant cells,which may be the cellular basis of REE actions in plants.Moreover,we discovered that a portion of REEs was successively released into the cytoplasm,self-assembled to form nanoscale clusters and deposited in horseradish leaf cells.Together,our data reveal the life cycle of REEs and their cellular behaviors in plant cells,which provide a new opportunity for probing into the mechanisms of REE actions in organisms.