RNA oxidation and its biological effects are less well studied compared to DNA oxidation.However, RNA may be more susceptible to oxidative insults than DNA, for RNA is largely single-stranded and its bases are not protected by hydrogen bonding and less protected by specific proteins.Also, cellular RNA locates in the vicinity of mitochondria, the primary source of reactive oxygen species.Oxidative modification can occur not only in protein-coding RNAs, but also in non-coding RNAs that have been recently revealed to contribute towards the complexity of the mammalian brain.