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Objective: To explore the effects of transplantation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells(BM-MSCs)on improving erectile function of streptozocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats.Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were injected either with STZ to induce diabetes or with citrate buffer as controls.Rat BM-MSCs were harvested and labeled with Chloromethyl Benzamido derivatives of 1,1-dioctadecyl3,3,3,3-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate(CM-DiI),and then transplanted into corporal cavernosum of STZinduced diabetic rats.Four weeks after transplantation,all rats were analyzed for erectile function and penile histology.Results: After BM-MSCs transplantation,the ICP/MAP ratio was increased significantly compared with diabetic controls.Content of smooth muscle and endothelium in corporal cavernosa of BM-MSCs transplanted rats was significantly increased compared to diabetic controls.Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that CM-DiI-labeled BM-MSCs could stay in corporal cavernosa for at least 4 weeks and some of them expressed von Willebrand Factor,CD31,calponin,or α-smooth muscle actin,cells markers for endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells,respectively.Conclusions: Intracavernous transplantation of BMMSCs had beneficial effects on erectile function of diabetic rats and increased the content of endothelium and smooth muscle in corporal cavernosum.