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Objective: Osteoporosis is a systematic disease with significant low bone mass and compromised bone quality,which has been considered as a relative contraindication for oral rehabilitation using dental implants.There have been successful attempts to fabricate micro/nanorough surface implants to mimic hierarchical structures of natural bone tissue in the last few years and the results have shown excellent in vitro and in vivo biological action of those implants.The aim of this study was to investigate the surface properties and effects on osseointergration in ovariectomized(OVX)sheep of the titanium implants with hierarchical micro/nanorough surface produced by etching with hydrofluoric(HF)acid combined with subsequent anodic oxidation.