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Objective Primary small cell esophageal carcinoma(SCEC) is a rare tumor characterized by early dissemination and poor prognosis if untreated.In world literature,no reports of small cell carcinoma of esophagus with high-level procalcitonin have been previously described.Moreover the relevance of procalcitonin and SCEC has never been concerned.Identifying high-level of procalcitonin is important as this may help to diagnose the SCEC.Our report first presents the case of a small cell esophageal carcinoma(SCEC) with high-level procalcitonin.And we collect cases from our hospital and the Surveillance,Epidemiology,and End Results(SEER) databases to investigate the epidemic features of SCEC.