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In view of the deficiencies of current research on pipeline structure monitoring, especially the monitoring and detection of components fail, a model method for pipeline early fault detection based on Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors is proposed.First the research progress is introduced about the application of optical fiber sensing technology in pipeline monitoring, and the performance and the characteristics of different types of optical fiber sensors is analyzed.Then a model method is proposed based on FBG sensor.Through acquisition system input and output data that contains model parameters which can reflect the structural abnormalities, and parameter identification, the method can realize the monitoring of structure parameters with clear physical meaning.By comparing the actual model parameters to the reference model parameters, the current health characteristics of the system can be calculated.The method provides effective early fault detection capability.A heating pipeline model was monitored.Monitoring system accurately recorded the data representing the pipeline actual condition.The results show that monitoring system can detects real-time changes in the key parts of pipeline and possible failures, providing the basis for the safe operation and fault diagnosis of the pipeline.Long term monitoring data can also be used for the integral safety assessment and cumulative damage analysis of pipeline.