近代钢铁工业的产生和发展,往往被认为是落后国家工业化的一个重要标志。中国有近代钢铁工业是从张之洞创办汉阳铁厂始。不少论著将汉阳铁厂视为清政府官办企业不成功的一个显例,并多归因于张之洞个人的失误。其实,创办汉阳铁厂出现的失误和弊端,主要是制度性因素的约束以及企业的内部机制与外部环境 The emergence and development of modern steel industry are often regarded as an important symbol of industrialization in backward countries. China’s modern steel industry was founded by Zhang Zhidong Hanyang Iron Works. Many treatises regard the Hanyang Iron Works as a case of unsuccessful government-run enterprises in Qing Dynasty, and attributed more to Zhang Zhidong’s personal mistakes. In fact, the mistakes and malpractices that occurred in the founding of Hanyang Iron Works mainly resulted from the restraints of institutional factors and the internal mechanisms of enterprises and the external environment