Androgens have important effects on the human skeleton in both males and females.Hypogonadism in men is associated with increased bone turnover and bone loss,which could be reversed after treatment with androgens.Clinical studies suggested that combined therapy of estrogens plus androgens may enhance bone mineral density and bone mass to a more significant degree than estrogen therapy alone in postmenopausal women.Administration of flutamide,an androgen receptor (AR) antagonist,results in osteopenia.Together,these studies raise the possibility that androgen-AR effects in bone remodeling are physiologically significant.