Brachial plexus injury is one of the main causes of functional disorder and disability in a young population,and traumatic injury is the most common pattern.Extensive lesions involving multiple trunks or bundles,serious damage of complete or nearly complete rupture and nerve compression by adhesive tissues or scar are the characteristics of brachial plexus injury.Besides nerve anastomosis,C7 transfer and surgical decompression,rehabilitation treatment was proven to be beneficial for the functional recovery.Here we aimed to report the effects of comprehensive rehabilitation treatment combined surgical decompression on the functional outcome of a 41-year-old male with traumatic total brachial plexus injury diagnosed by electromyography test.Before surgical decompression,this patient received 3-month rehabilitation treatment,including passive motion of upper extremity,nerve muscle electrical stimulation (NMES),assistant or active muscle strength training,sensory reconstruction training,occupational therapy and fine function training of fingers.After surgical decompression,3 more months of rehabilitation treatment was given.Manual muscle strength,Medical Research Council (MRC) sensory grading scale,hand ability of daily living,and electromyography test were used to evaluate the function before surgical de-compression and rehabilitation treatment and at the end of the rehabilitation treatment.After surgical decompression and rehabilitation treatment,the strength of the involved muscles was increased gradually,the sensory grading scale scores were elevated,and the ability of daily living and the compound muscle action potential amplitude were also improved.Our results indicate that comprehensive rehabilitation treatment combined with surgical decompression can improve the nerve regener-ation and functional recovery of patients with traumatic brachial plexus injury.