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This talk will introduce a series of novel signal amplification strategies and their application in biosensing and biological analysis based on nanotechnology and molecular biological methods.The nanotechnology for signal amplification includes: 1) accelerating the electron transfer or obtaining sensitized optical signal,2) catalytic and enzyme mimetic functions of the nanomaterials,3) using nanomaterials as tag molecules,4) using nanomaterials as the carriers of signaling molecules,5) electrochemiluminescent or photoelectrochemical signal amplification,and 6) selective concentration of biomolecules by biorecognition.The molecular biological amplification is designed by introducing rolling circle amplification,target-induced repeated primer extension,hybridization chain reaction,loop-mediated amplification,target DNA recycling amplification such as endonuclease-,exonuclease- and polymerase-based circular strand-replacement polymerization to amplify the electrochemical,optical and visual signals.The established methods can conveniently be used in the detections of small biomolecules,proteins,cells,the carbohydrate sites on cell surfaces and intracellular microRNA by electrochemical,optical,mass spectrometric,and imaging measurements.