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The completion of the Human Genome Project, the tremendous success of The SNP Consortium and the International HapMap Project have provided critical knowledge for understanding human diversity and have promised to greatly improve Healthcare.The application of genetics and genomics in the Pharmaceutical industry over the past decade has been focused on drug target discovery.In reality, the bottlenecks in the discovery and approval of new drugs are in the attrition rate in drug development (drugs with no positive efficacy) and adverse drug reactions (drugs with positive therapeutic indications but also negative side effects).This presentation will review the current status and barriers on the application of Phannacogenetics to drug development and post-market management.The examples of Abacavir (an anti-HIV drug) and Tykerb (an anti-tumor drug) will be used to demonstrate the progress from biomarker discovery and replication/confirmation, to clinical utility and clinical practices.