Disaster associated with natural hazards can lead to important changes—positive or negative—in socio-ecological systems.When disasters occur, much attention is given to the direct disaster impacts as well as relief and recovery operations.Although this focus is important, it is noteworthy that there has been little research on the characteristics and progress of change induced by disasters.Change, as distinct from impacts, encompasses formal and informal responses to disaster events and their direct and indirect impacts.While smaller disasters do not often lead to significant changes in societies and organizational.