牛亚科物种起源及其种间杂交研究进展

来源 :第二届中国肉牛选育改良与产业发展国际研讨会暨中国畜牧兽医学会养牛分会八届二次学术研讨会 | 被引量 : 0次 | 上传用户:xiaobailxiaoyi
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牛是进化生物学及遗传育种的重要素材之一.牛亚科的起源问题一直是业界关注的热点,本文就牛亚科物种的起源、种间杂交及群体皱缩等作全面地回顾,指出分布于亚洲的大额牛曾经受了来自于家养牛(普通牛与瘤牛)的基因渐渗,这也与大额牛与黄牛混牧于野外有关,相互间不存在生殖隔离,这也得到近期大额牛与云南黄牛圈舍混养本交试验及冷配改良的验证,而且受胎率还颇高。大额牛栖息地及群体数量的皱缩,大额牛与家养牛容易杂交繁殖带来的遗传侵蚀,加之人为干扰等因素,建议有关部门建立或划定大额牛保种场或保护区,并圈养合适规模的牛群,做一些种质资源的保护与鉴定,作好种质的储备(活体、冻精、胚胎等)。由于缺乏对怒江流域的黄牛进行研究,故大额牛与黄牛的基因流仍未知,从而促进对现生牛亚科物种的深入认识。
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我国黄牛资源丰富,地方品种多达52个,具有耐粗饲、抗逆性强、肉质细嫩等优点,是全国各地肉牛生产的主体,但与国外引进肉牛品种相比还存在一些缺陷;加快黄牛肉肉用遗传改良,是发展我国现代肉牛产业的基础.针对国内许多地方在黄牛改良和肉牛生产过程中存在的认识误区和工作缺陷,文章在客观评价中国黄牛资源和肉牛引进品种的基础上,认为必须处理好保种选育与杂交改良的关系,不断强化技术创新和环节管理,加速肉牛遗传改良进