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矿井突水是影响煤矿安全开采的重要因素。因此,开展煤层顶底板突水理论与防治的研究具有重要意义。论文以开滦矿区范各庄矿和东欢坨矿为依托,运用岩石力学、水文地质和模糊数学等多学科理论,结合岩石力学试验、数值模拟和统计分析等研究方法,系统分析了影响煤层顶底板突水的含水层条件、隔水介质条件和构造条件。论文重点研究了影响煤层顶底板力学性质的岩性、侧压力和水等因素特征,建立了煤层顶底板岩层岩石力学性质与主要控制因素之间的定量关系。研究了开滦矿区地应力条件及其对突水控制作用,认为地应力实质是通过水压力与岩体破裂压力关系、水压与最小主应力的关系对突水进行控制。结合特定矿井(范各庄矿)的实际水文地质条件,对12煤层在含导水性不同和导通含水层位不同的断层附近开采时断层防水煤柱留设值进行了理论计算和模拟确定。利用模糊综合评价方法,对.开滦矿区范各庄矿12煤层底板和东欢坨矿12-2煤层底板突水危险性进行了分区评价。最后,提出在巨厚松散层水压较大条件下煤层开采的基于“保护层透水系数”的防水煤柱留设方法。Water inrush is an important factor in coal mine safe exploitation. Therefore, study on water inrush theory and prevention of coal roof and floor had a great significance. This dissertation based on Fangezhuang coal mine and Donghuantuo coal mine in Kailuan coal mine area, applied the multidisciplinary theory of rock mechanics, hydrogeology, fuzzy mathematics, combined with research methods, such as rock mechanics test, numerical simulations and statistical analysis, analyzed systematically the factors of coal roof and floor water inrush fundamental geology factors including aquifer condition, aquifuge medium condition and fracture structure condition. The rock mechanics properties of coal roof and floor, such as lithology, lateral pressure and water, were mainly researched. The correlativity had been established between rock mechanics properties and those parameters. In-situ stress characteristic in Kailuan coal mine area and its controlling of water inrush was researched. The substance of in-situ stress controlling of water inrush was to relationships between water pressure and rock fracture pressure and between water pressure and the minimum principal stress. On the basis of the actual hydro-geological conditions of a particular coal mine like Fangezhuang, exploited No.12 coal mine nearby fault with different water conductivity and connectivity of different aquifer waterproof coal pillar reasonable design width was been defined by using theoretic calculation and numerical simulation. Using the fuzzy comprehensive assessment method, water inrush risk evaluation for No.12 coal floor of Fangezhuang coal mine and No.12-2 coal floor of Donghuantuo coal mine were evaluated. Finally, method of coal mine exploitation based on protective layer permeable coefficient under extremely thick unconsolidated strata under higher water pressure was put forward.