冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中土壤供氮能力的研究

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通过冬小麦、夏玉米3个轮作周期的田间试验研究了高肥力土壤的供氮能力,试验设不施氮、优化施氮和传统施氮三个处理。本文揭示了在冬小麦和夏玉米不同生育阶段土壤供氮能力的变化及其对作物氮素吸收、生长、产量的影响,研究了较长时段内土壤供氮能力的变化趋势,分析了土壤供氮能力对合理施氮的影响。主要结果如下: 冬小麦季全生育期土壤供氮量在120-160 kg/hm~2 N之间,土壤氮素表观矿化量在20-104kg/hm~2 N之间,年度间变幅较大。土壤表观矿化量和供氮量均表现为播种至返青期最高,之后开始下降,在扬花至收获期矿化量增加;土壤供氮量在拔节至收获期较低。三个轮作周期中,冬小麦季优化施氮处理仅用了少于传统施氮量1/3的氮肥,却获得了与之相当的产量。 夏玉米季土壤氮素矿化在各个阶段平稳均衡,土壤供氮量较高,全生育期高达202kg/hm~2 N,供氮进程持续稳衡。在吐丝期之前0-90cm土壤供氮量在120kg/hm~2 N以上,吐丝至灌浆、灌浆至收获期土壤供氮量略有降低,但仍在80kg/hm~2 N以上。优化和传统施氮处理分别施氮42kg/hm~2N和300kg/hm~2 N,二者产量无显著差异。 冬小麦/夏玉米轮作周期总土壤供氮量呈现逐年下降趋势,其中在冬小麦季下降明显,第三年下降尤为显著;在夏玉米季虽有波动,但维持在较高的水平。土壤供氮量在冬小麦季由131 kg/hm~2 N降至75 kg/hm~2 N,但在第三年的夏玉米季仍能达到125 kg/hm~2 N。轮作周期总的土壤供氮量处在167-242 kg/hm~2 N的较高水平;总的土壤表观矿化量为125-184 kg/hm~2 N,高肥力土壤仍然保持了较高的土壤供氮能力。
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