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The social security system takes an important role in guaranteeing the stability of the national’s livelihood. A lot of countries in the world set up social security systems according to their own state situation. The migrant workers from rural are also a part of the national, they should share the same social security. How to ensure the benefits of the rural migrant workers is becoming hard because of the instability of the employment, the diversification of the recruitment and the frequent movement. The neighbor country Japan is a farming country, many farmers rushed into the urban to find a job in the period of the economic development after World WarⅡ. With the development of the social security system, the Japanese government enacted some policies and laws to take the rural workers into the system in order to ensure their benefits. This thesis focused on the process of the setting of the social security in Japan, then take it as an example to discuss how to set up a Chinese characteristic social security system.With the development of the Chinese economy, more and more farmers rushed into the urban, but the deficiency of the Chinese social security system is becoming obvious, although the government took some measures to guarantee the benefits of the rural migrant worker. This thesis hopes find a way to complete the Chinese rural worker security system based on analyze the situation in Japan.There are 3 parts of this thesis. Firstly, summarized the characteristics of the Japanese rural migrant workers before the World WarⅡhappened, and the influence to the setting up of the social security system. Secondly, analyze the process of establishing the system after the war compared with the situation before the war and the effectiveness of guaranteeing the benefits of the rural workers. Finally compared the situations between China and Japan, then find out some suggestion that could used for the construction of the Chinese social security system.