民事诉讼是为了解决私权纠纷而设置的最终救济手段。随着文化交流的不断扩大、经济交往的频繁发生，人们对权利意识也增强，进入诉讼的纠纷呈现明增长的趋势，对几千年来人们以“和”为贵的文化传统形成了冲击和挑战。诉讼就其本质而言，意味着对抗。民事诉讼的核心是各方当事人依据各自掌握的证据，对抗另外一方当事人证据，进而获得国家强制力保障的过程。作为前提，纠纷处理的过程是基于对已发生事实的判断进行的，此种事实的发生具有不可逆转的特性，只能由当事人依证据来构筑，即法律所认可的“法律事实”。法官正是基于法律事实来判断是非，适用法律的。当双方的证据处在对抗的平衡点上时，无法分清优劣，则会出现“事实真假不明”的状况，此时法官心证、证明责任就成为相对合理，并且可预见地判定事实和法官行使职权的理由。如何减少法官主观性，避免司法腐败，这些民事诉讼的基本诉求都指向证明责任的明确化了，使得完善民事诉讼程序并增加其透明度完善成为当务之急。 目前，法官队伍的精英化尚需时日，完善民事诉讼法中的证据制度成为现实的选择，详尽的法律规范可以增强公正度和当事人的可预见性。在现有的理论探讨和实践准备的基础上，对证据制度的完整建构和适应的修改都已具备了良好的条件。 本文即是着眼这一理论的实践性探索。本文认为：证据立法中应将当事人对抗标准的法律化，也即明确证明标准及证明责任。根据提供证据的优劣，证明责任的归属，形成一个高度盖然性的标准，即法官通过庭审，在对证据进行结合判断的基础上，形成的相当程度上内心确认的证明标准。从证据的认定上，比较难以判定的是证人证言，证人是以其亲历陈述感知，经过其大脑加工，具有主观成分；设立宣誓制度，增强证人证言效力体系；将证人出庭义务法律化，规定证人拒证的法律责任，强化证人出庭义务。完善举证责任规则，设立举时限制度，实现诉讼效益，在期限和后果上对举证义务人设定规范。将诉讼过程透明化，证据的质证公开、认证透明，在程序上保障当事人以证据为手段的对抗充分而全面。【关键词】民事诉讼、对抗、证据制度【英文摘要】[ABSTRACT] The civil Proeeeding 15 the final relieving means to solve the PrivatedisPutes.With the exPansion of culture exehange and the frequency oftheeconomic transaetion，PeoPle’5 eonsciousness of right become strongerand the amount of disPutes entering Proeeedings 15 growing，whieh forman imPaet and challenge to the culture tradition of several thousand years，that 15 to cherish the comity.In essence，action means eounter.The eoreof the civil Proceedings 15 the Process in which the Party，by virtue of hisown evidenee，counters the oPPosite to obtain the safeguard of state force.As a Premise，solving disPutes 15 based on the judge to the fact that hashapPened.Because the faet 15 irreParable，it only can be struetured by theParty by virtUe of evidenee，that 15 the legal fact recognized by law. Alsoaecording to this，the judger distinguishes right from wrong，then apPlythe laws.When the evidence of the Parties 15 on the balance and it 15difficult to decide whieh one 15 suPerior， testified by heart and testifyingliability become rather reasonable and it 15 the cause of judging factPredietably and exerting the obligation by judger at this state of“vaguefact，，.How to diminish the subjectivity of the judger and avoid thejudicial eormPtion，these fundamental requirements of the eivilProeeedings demand the definite testifying liability，which make it urgentto Perfeet the eivil Proceedings and increaso the transParency of it. At Present，it still needs time for the staff to become exPerts，50Perfecting the evidence system in the civil Proceedings 15 our real choiee，for the exhaustive regulations ean enhance the fairness and the