一、前言从50年代以来,随着高分子合成材料工业的发展,人工合成橡胶先后在美国、英国、法国、苏联、日本,西德、意大利、荷兰、捷克斯洛伐克、瑞士、巴基斯坦等十多个国家广泛用于低水头闸坝、防浪堤、挡水堤、施工围堰、渡槽,以及渠道、池塘的防渗体等水工建筑物中,尤其在日本发 I. Introduction Since the 1950s, with the development of the polymer synthetic materials industry, synthetic rubber has successively been used in more than 10 such industries as the United States, Britain, France, the Soviet Union, Japan, West Germany, the Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Switzerland and Pakistan The country is widely used in hydraulic structures such as low head sluices, breakwaters, retaining dikes, construction cofferdams, aqueducts, and seepage prevention structures for channels and ponds, and especially in Japan