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外泌体(exosome)是一类直径30~100 nm的囊泡样小体,其含有蛋白质、m RNA、微小RNA(mi RNA)、DNA片段等,是细胞间物质和信息转导的重要媒介。外泌体参与肿瘤的发生、发展、侵袭和转移等各个过程,其在肿瘤免疫中发挥双向调控功能。本文重点阐述外泌体在肿瘤负向免疫调控中的作用,如肿瘤来源外泌体(tumor-derived exosome,TEX)能够阻碍DC的分化和成熟,促进巨噬细胞极化,减弱B细胞功能及诱导调节性B细胞(regulatory B cell,Breg)产生,促骨髓前体细胞分化为髓系抑制性细胞(myeloid-derived suppressor cell,MDSC),减弱NK及T淋巴细胞的杀伤功能,诱导调节性T细胞(regulatory T cell,Treg)等;又如免疫细胞来源外泌体(immunocyte-derived exosome,IEX),主要为Treg、CD8+T细胞来源的外泌体,同样具有免疫抑制功能。
Exosomes are a class of vesicle-like bodies with diameters ranging from 30 to 100 nm. They contain proteins, m RNAs, miRNAs, DNA fragments, etc., and are important mediators of the intercellular substance and information transduction . Exosomes involved in the occurrence, development, invasion and metastasis of tumors and other processes, which play a two-way regulatory function in tumor immunity. This article focuses on the role of exosomes in tumor negative immune regulation, such as tumor-derived exosomes (TEX), which can hinder the differentiation and maturation of DCs, promote the polarization of macrophages, decrease the function of B cells and Induce the production of regulatory B cells (Bregs), and promote the differentiation of bone marrow progenitor cells into myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), attenuate the killing function of NK and T lymphocytes, and induce the regulation of T Regulatory T cells (Tregs), etc. In addition, IEX, which is mainly derived from Treg and CD8 + T cells, also has immunosuppressive functions.