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语法填空的纯空格题主要要求考生填写冠词、介词、代词、连词，包括各类从句的连接词或引导词。然而多数考生在要求填写从句引导词题上频频“失手”，如错用what来引导定语从句。因此，笔者以历年的语法填空题（包括地方模拟题）来谈谈从句引导词试题的解题思路并辨析高频考查的引导词what, that和which在从句中的用法。
一、what/ that/ which引导的名词性从句
名词性从句相当于名词，在句子中作主语的称为主语从句，作宾语的称为宾语从句，作表语的称为表语从句，另外在名词后面起到对内容补充说明作用的同位语的名词性从句称之为同位语从句。
试做下面题目：
1. At first, the donkey realized_____________was happening and cried horribly.
2.“Thank you for_____________you’ve said. I hope I will never be too busy to help others.” With that, Thomas Jefferson turned his horse around and went away.
3. He hopes that sharing_____________he’s been through will help others.
4. They spent a couple of days and nights on the farm of_____________would be considered a very poor family.
5. It never occurred to me_____________you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.
6. The only difference is_____________today’s employment of children is confined to small industries and family businesses.
7. She loved driving very fast, and boasted of the fact_____________she had never, in her thirty-five years of driving, been punished for a driving mistake.
8. Its publication has started a debate as to_____________way of parenting is superior, the traditional Chinese way or the American way.
[参考答案]
1. what 2. what 3. what 4. what 5. that 6. that 7. that 8. which
[思路点拨]
以上第1-4题考查了what在名词性从句中的用法。题1,4中，what作从句的主语；题2中，what作动词say的宾语；在题3中，what作介词through的宾语。第5-7题考查了that在名词性从句中的用法。that在这三题中分别引导了主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。题8考查which在名词性从句中的用法，这里which引导宾语从句。
考生可以遵循以下做题步骤，坚持实践，提高做题速度和正确率。
1. 从宏观角度分析句子结构，抓住句子的主干，从而判断出从句的类型。 如何分析句子结构呢？这就需要抓住句子的关键点，也是核心点——动词部分。抓住了动词就意味着抓住了句子的脊梁和命脉。因为英语句子的主干结构就是“主语 谓语动词 宾语”或者“主语 系动词 表语”。在平时训练中，考生找句子中的主语或宾语是比较困难的, 相对而言找动词会比较容易。考生根据动词的形式确定出句子的谓语动词，动词前后可以确定出句子的主语或宾语成分。如题1中，我们可以知道空格后的句子是realized的宾语从句。题2和4中，空格在介词for和of后，可以判断出后面的句子是介词的宾语从句。题3的sharing_____________he’s been through是在主句谓语动词hope后的宾语从句中作主语。
2. 分析确定出的从句，判断从句中所缺的成分。
that引导名词性从句时没有意义，仅起连接作用，不在句子中充当任何成分。当它引导的同位语从句、表语从句和主语从句放在句首时，that不能省略；that引导的宾语从句不能在介词后做宾语。如题5，It never occurred to me_____________you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind. It为形式主语，故句子可以转化为： you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind never occurred to me. 在主语从句中，主谓宾的主干结构已经齐全，不缺成分，故用that引导。
值得注意的是，what 引导名词性从句时, 除起连接作用外, 还在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，相当于all that 或everything that，表示“ 什么”或“…… 的东西或事情”。如题3，宾语从句sharing_____________he’s been through中share是及物动词，后接宾语从句，what在宾语从句中充当介词through的宾语，意为“分享他所经历过的事情”。 另外，which引导名词性从句时，除起连接作用外，还在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，意为“哪一个”。如题8中，从the traditional Chinese way or the American way可知，空格引导的宾语从句有选择的意味，故用which。 3. 填入引导词，检查语意是否完整。
【小试牛刀】
1. He knew_____________would happen when his classmates found out.
2. That Christmas Eve, Paul learned_____________Jesus meant when he said: “it is more blessed to give...”
3. Next day, when he was about to drink wine, he also remembered_____________he promised to Allah, so he gave up the idea of drinking wine.
4. When Vincent stopped his inner voice and asked the woman out, she said, “Vincent,_____________took you so long?”
5. The Pine Street Foundation conducted its research on the belief_____________cancer cells give off a different type of metabolic(新陈代谢) waste product.
6. In addition, the most undesirable effect is_____________examinations encourage bad study habits.
7.“She could hardly speak Chinese at the beginning, and we had to guess_____________each other meant through gestures,”said Li.
8. Girls are no longer closely guarded, and they can do more or less_____________they like.
9. The shocking news made me realize_____________terrible problems we would face.
10. The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of_____________others actually understand.
【参考答案】
1. what 2. what 3. what 4. what 5. that 6. that 7. what 8. what 9. what 10. what
二、that/ which引导的定语从句 定语从句一般紧跟在被修饰的名词后面，起修饰作用。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词that和which一般可以换用。限制性定语从句中，必须用that的情况有：
1. 先行词是指事物的不定代词all, little, much, anything, everything, nothing等时；
2. 先行词被the only, the very, 形容词最高级或序数词修饰时；
3. 先行词有人也有物时。
定语从句中，必须用which的情况有：
1. 引导非限定性定语从句，常跟在“，”后；
2. 当定语从句中的介词提前时，即紧跟在介词后面时。
试做下面的题：
1. With each shovel of dirt_____________hit his back, the donkey was doing something amazing.
2. It turned out that I couldn’t do any of them very well in such a hurry,_____________made me quite angry.
3. At last, they tried to fill in the plane with carbon dioxide,_____________poisoned all the eighty rats by the poisonous gas.
4. Chilren often form bad habits, some of_____________remain with them as long as they live.
5. The second kind of medicine is called “natural cures” or “folk medicine” in_____________less educated people try to cure sicknesses with various herbs.
【参考答案】
1. which/that 2. which 3. which 4. which 5. which
【解题妙招】
确定定语从句，首先看它是否位于名词后面，再确定从句跟该名词存在的关系。建议考生用括号把定语从句括起来，以便于更好地把握句子的主要意思。然后使用“还原”的方法，将先行词还原到从句中，看它作什么成分。
【小试牛刀】
1. I looked into their eyes and I found they didn’t care,_____________told me it would be useless.(2010深圳一模)
2. His way lay through a forest in_____________there were many monkeys. (2010广东模拟)
3. This means their children will for sure have the family disease,_____________is a great trouble for these families. (2009深圳外国语)
4. Then，the daughter began using some of her money to promote a day_____________would honor all mothers. (2009汕头城南)
5. Wind stirs things down and brings down a lot of warm air_____________often floats just above housetops and trees. (2009广东模拟)
【参考答案】
1. which 2. which 3. which 4. that/which 5. that/which
（作者单位：广州市第89中学）
责任编校 蒋小青
一、what/ that/ which引导的名词性从句
名词性从句相当于名词，在句子中作主语的称为主语从句，作宾语的称为宾语从句，作表语的称为表语从句，另外在名词后面起到对内容补充说明作用的同位语的名词性从句称之为同位语从句。
试做下面题目：
1. At first, the donkey realized_____________was happening and cried horribly.
2.“Thank you for_____________you’ve said. I hope I will never be too busy to help others.” With that, Thomas Jefferson turned his horse around and went away.
3. He hopes that sharing_____________he’s been through will help others.
4. They spent a couple of days and nights on the farm of_____________would be considered a very poor family.
5. It never occurred to me_____________you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind.
6. The only difference is_____________today’s employment of children is confined to small industries and family businesses.
7. She loved driving very fast, and boasted of the fact_____________she had never, in her thirty-five years of driving, been punished for a driving mistake.
8. Its publication has started a debate as to_____________way of parenting is superior, the traditional Chinese way or the American way.
[参考答案]
1. what 2. what 3. what 4. what 5. that 6. that 7. that 8. which
[思路点拨]
以上第1-4题考查了what在名词性从句中的用法。题1,4中，what作从句的主语；题2中，what作动词say的宾语；在题3中，what作介词through的宾语。第5-7题考查了that在名词性从句中的用法。that在这三题中分别引导了主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。题8考查which在名词性从句中的用法，这里which引导宾语从句。
考生可以遵循以下做题步骤，坚持实践，提高做题速度和正确率。
1. 从宏观角度分析句子结构，抓住句子的主干，从而判断出从句的类型。 如何分析句子结构呢？这就需要抓住句子的关键点，也是核心点——动词部分。抓住了动词就意味着抓住了句子的脊梁和命脉。因为英语句子的主干结构就是“主语 谓语动词 宾语”或者“主语 系动词 表语”。在平时训练中，考生找句子中的主语或宾语是比较困难的, 相对而言找动词会比较容易。考生根据动词的形式确定出句子的谓语动词，动词前后可以确定出句子的主语或宾语成分。如题1中，我们可以知道空格后的句子是realized的宾语从句。题2和4中，空格在介词for和of后，可以判断出后面的句子是介词的宾语从句。题3的sharing_____________he’s been through是在主句谓语动词hope后的宾语从句中作主语。
2. 分析确定出的从句，判断从句中所缺的成分。
that引导名词性从句时没有意义，仅起连接作用，不在句子中充当任何成分。当它引导的同位语从句、表语从句和主语从句放在句首时，that不能省略；that引导的宾语从句不能在介词后做宾语。如题5，It never occurred to me_____________you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind. It为形式主语，故句子可以转化为： you could succeed in persuading him to change his mind never occurred to me. 在主语从句中，主谓宾的主干结构已经齐全，不缺成分，故用that引导。
值得注意的是，what 引导名词性从句时, 除起连接作用外, 还在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，相当于all that 或everything that，表示“ 什么”或“…… 的东西或事情”。如题3，宾语从句sharing_____________he’s been through中share是及物动词，后接宾语从句，what在宾语从句中充当介词through的宾语，意为“分享他所经历过的事情”。 另外，which引导名词性从句时，除起连接作用外，还在句子中担任主语、宾语、表语、定语等成分，意为“哪一个”。如题8中，从the traditional Chinese way or the American way可知，空格引导的宾语从句有选择的意味，故用which。 3. 填入引导词，检查语意是否完整。
【小试牛刀】
1. He knew_____________would happen when his classmates found out.
2. That Christmas Eve, Paul learned_____________Jesus meant when he said: “it is more blessed to give...”
3. Next day, when he was about to drink wine, he also remembered_____________he promised to Allah, so he gave up the idea of drinking wine.
4. When Vincent stopped his inner voice and asked the woman out, she said, “Vincent,_____________took you so long?”
5. The Pine Street Foundation conducted its research on the belief_____________cancer cells give off a different type of metabolic(新陈代谢) waste product.
6. In addition, the most undesirable effect is_____________examinations encourage bad study habits.
7.“She could hardly speak Chinese at the beginning, and we had to guess_____________each other meant through gestures,”said Li.
8. Girls are no longer closely guarded, and they can do more or less_____________they like.
9. The shocking news made me realize_____________terrible problems we would face.
10. The message you intend to convey through words may be the exact opposite of_____________others actually understand.
【参考答案】
1. what 2. what 3. what 4. what 5. that 6. that 7. what 8. what 9. what 10. what
二、that/ which引导的定语从句 定语从句一般紧跟在被修饰的名词后面，起修饰作用。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词that和which一般可以换用。限制性定语从句中，必须用that的情况有：
1. 先行词是指事物的不定代词all, little, much, anything, everything, nothing等时；
2. 先行词被the only, the very, 形容词最高级或序数词修饰时；
3. 先行词有人也有物时。
定语从句中，必须用which的情况有：
1. 引导非限定性定语从句，常跟在“，”后；
2. 当定语从句中的介词提前时，即紧跟在介词后面时。
试做下面的题：
1. With each shovel of dirt_____________hit his back, the donkey was doing something amazing.
2. It turned out that I couldn’t do any of them very well in such a hurry,_____________made me quite angry.
3. At last, they tried to fill in the plane with carbon dioxide,_____________poisoned all the eighty rats by the poisonous gas.
4. Chilren often form bad habits, some of_____________remain with them as long as they live.
5. The second kind of medicine is called “natural cures” or “folk medicine” in_____________less educated people try to cure sicknesses with various herbs.
【参考答案】
1. which/that 2. which 3. which 4. which 5. which
【解题妙招】
确定定语从句，首先看它是否位于名词后面，再确定从句跟该名词存在的关系。建议考生用括号把定语从句括起来，以便于更好地把握句子的主要意思。然后使用“还原”的方法，将先行词还原到从句中，看它作什么成分。
【小试牛刀】
1. I looked into their eyes and I found they didn’t care,_____________told me it would be useless.(2010深圳一模)
2. His way lay through a forest in_____________there were many monkeys. (2010广东模拟)
3. This means their children will for sure have the family disease,_____________is a great trouble for these families. (2009深圳外国语)
4. Then，the daughter began using some of her money to promote a day_____________would honor all mothers. (2009汕头城南)
5. Wind stirs things down and brings down a lot of warm air_____________often floats just above housetops and trees. (2009广东模拟)
【参考答案】
1. which 2. which 3. which 4. that/which 5. that/which
（作者单位：广州市第89中学）
责任编校 蒋小青