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Plants can establish de novo DNA methylation via the RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) pathway,which involves a complex array of proteins as well as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and scaffold RNAs.In the canonical RdDM pathway that is best under-stood in Arabidopsis,complementary pairing between 24-nt siRNAs and nascent scaffold RNAs,together with protein-protein interactions,recruits the protein machinery for DNA methylation.