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义理社会与契约社会安志达在《中国工商》指出,造成中国社会信用体系不健全,中国人信用观念差的原因是多方面的。其中一个最主要的原因是,中国是一个以人情义理为纽带的“义理社会”,以面子作为一种人生的价值尺度,谁不守信用,就等于失去了面子,也就等于剥夺了社会的生存权。所以在“义理社会”中,信用的严肃性是不需要严格规定的,因为谁都知道违规的严重后果。这样历代因袭下来却出现了一种反常现象——在“信义之邦”中,信用的约束机制反而十分软弱,信用制度和维护它的法律体系反倒不十分健全。中国有句名言,“是非善恶,自有公断”。这里的公断是公众舆论的取舍,对信用违规者的惩罚主要不是靠法律,而是靠舆论,这是一种低效率的信用维护体系。西方社会基本上是一种“契约社会”,法律对契约的严肃性给予切实的保证。“个人财产神圣不可侵犯”是西方法律原则,而在义理社会中,作为一种信用关系反映的债权债务关系,却具有很大的随意性。现代社会中,无论义理社会多么带有人情味,而契约社会多么冷酷无性,历史的选择还是后者。
Social justice and contract society An Zhida pointed out in “China Business Administration” that the credit system in China is not sound enough and the Chinese people’s credit concept is poor for many reasons. One of the major reasons for this is that China is a “justice society” based on humanistic sentiments. Taking face as a measure of value in life, whoever disrespects credit means losing face and depriving them of social Right to life. Therefore, in “justice society”, the seriousness of credit is not strictly regulated because everyone knows the serious consequences of the violation. In this way, there has been an anomaly following the passage of history - in the state of “Lutheran Church,” the credit restraint mechanism is rather weak, and the credit system and the legal system that defend it are actually not quite sound. There is a famous saying in China, “It is non-good and evil and has its own arbitrariness.” The arbitrage here is the choice of the public opinion. The punishment for the credit offenders is mainly not based on law, but by public opinion. This is an inefficient credit maintenance system. The western society is basically a kind of “contract society”, and the law gives an effective guarantee of the seriousness of the contract. “The sacred inviolability of personal property” is the principle of Western law. However, in the justice society, the relationship between creditor’s rights and debts reflected as a kind of credit relationship is very arbitrary. In modern society, no matter how humane and humane, the coercive climax of society, the choice of history is the latter.