十八世纪,当西欧国家乘着资本主义战车突飞猛进之时,古老的中国仍在封建帝国的围墙里,重复着历代王朝盛衰的轨迹。昏庸腐败的清朝统治者,傲然以“世界中心”、“天朝上国”自居。在统治者自我封闭、自我陶醉的氛围中,中国落伍了。到了嘉庆、道光年间,政治腐败,社会“痹痨”,民变四起,清王朝已陷于“昏惨惨的灯将尽,忽喇喇似大厦倾”的窘境。正当清朝国势日衰的时候,西方殖民者用铁与火的暴力轰开了中国封闭的大门,中国骤然给卷入了资本主义世界的漩涡。首先在这个历史漩涡中磕碰的,是刚刚被动跨入近代大门 In the eighteenth century, as Western European countries advanced by leaps and bounds in capitalist chariots, the ancient China was still in the walls of the feudal empire and repeated the ups and downs of successive dynasties. The ruler of the Qing dynasty ruled proudly to “world center”, “heaven on the country” itself. In the self-enclosed and self-entertaining atmosphere of rulers, China is out of date. In Jiaqing, Daoguang years, political corruption, social “Bi Bi”, the civil commotion everywhere, the Qing Dynasty has been caught in the “dusk of the light will do, suddenly La-like building dumping” dilemma. At a time when the Qing dynasty was declining, Western colonists opened the door to China’s closure by the violence of iron and fire. China suddenly plunged into the whirlpool of the capitalist world. First in this vortex of history bump, it is just passive into the modern gate