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Abstract [Objectives]The aim was to provide technical supports for the popularization and application of gray skin chewing sugarcane in large areas in suitable regions.
[Methods]Field planting tests were conducted in 2012-2016 to study the yield， major economic traits， disease resistances， growth periods， adaptability and cultivation techniques of gray skin chewing sugarcane.
[Results]The characteristics and a set of precise cultivation techniques for gray skin chewing sugarcane were summarized.
[Conclusions]The technology can be widely applied in the areas with altitude of less than 1 500 m and areas with similar climate in Yunnan Province.
Key words Gray skin chewing sugarcane； Characteristics； Cultivation techniques； Baoshan
Gray skin chewing sugarcane has the advantages of thin skin， rich juice， high fructose content， pineapple flavor and good taste. After consumption， it can promote the production of body fluid to relieve thirst， clear away heat and toxic materials， moisten lung to arrest cough and invigorate stomach， so it is a traditional fruit that people love. It has high biological yield and economic output， as well as broad market prospects. The development of gray skin chewing sugarcane is of great significance for promoting the structural adjustment of the fruit supply side of urban and rural residents， the development of the husbandry industry and the increase of farmers" economic income. Different varieties of chewing sugarcane have different cultivation techniques. Wang et al.[1]investigated the status of chewing sugarcane industry in China， and explored the countermeasures for the sustainable development of chewing cane. Zhang et al.[2]summarized the cultivation techniques for the fruittype sugarcane Qiantang 3. Qin et al.[3]introduced in detail the cultivation techniques of blackskin cane interplanting cucumber. The variety comparative test （newplanting and perennial root） in Guizhou found that Yunnan red skin chewing sugarcane had the characteristics of purplish red stem skin， good commodity， rich cane juice， sweet flavor， good taste， high quality， high resistances to pests， diseases， droughts and cold， mediumearlymaturing， early accumulation of sugar， early market and good efficiency[4]， and it is suitable for the cultivation in the sugarcane producing areas in Guizhou， so it can be widely promoted[5]. Li et al.[6] found that the comprehensive traits of Guiguozhe 1 were superior to those of Badila， and with high value of production and application， it could be widely planted in the sugarcane area of South China. These rich achievements have provided experiences for the cultivation of gray skin chewing sugarcane. However， there is still no report on the characteristics and precise cultivation techniques of gray skin chewing sugarcane. Therefore， in this paper， we studied and summarized the characteristics and cultivation techniques of gray skin chewing sugarcane through experiments， demonstrations， and highyielding models， with the aim to provide technical support for the popularization and application of gray skin chewing sugarcane in large areas in suitable regions. Characteristics
Yield
Gray skin chewing sugarcane has an average biological yield of 166.5 t/hm2 with the highest yield of 177.0 t/hm2 and lowest yield of 144.0 t/hm2， an average economic output of 135.0 t/hm2 with the highest yield of 141.0 t/hm2 and lowest of 123.0 t/hm2. The average yield of green fodder （sugarcane shoots） is 33.0 t/hm2 with the highest of 37.5 t/hm2 and lowest of 22.5 t/hm2. The crude protein content in sugarcane shoots is about 12%-13%.
Major economic traits
Gray skin chewing sugarcane has an average plant height of 3.12m with the highest of 3.29 m and lowest of 2.80 m， an average effective stalk length of 1.77m with the longest of 1.84 m and shortest of 1.72 m， an average effective stalk internodes of 13.87 nodes with the most of 14.51 nodes and least of 13.2 nodes， an average stalk diameter of 4.11 cm with the largest of 4.27 cm and lowest of 3.95 cm， an average number of effective stalks of 61 935/hm2 with the largest of 66 915/hm2 and smallest of 58 650/hm2， an average biological weight of 2.69 kg/stalk with the heaviest of 3.02 kg/stalk and lightest of 2.40 kg/stalk， an average economical weight of 2.17 kg/stalk with the heaviest of 2.4 kg/stalk and lightest of 2.03 kg/stalk. The field brix is 18%-20% and the sugar content is 10.5%-11.6%.
Disease resistances
As shown in test， gray skin chewing sugarcane has high resistance to pineapple disease （HR）， high resistance to smut （HR）， high resistance to mosaic virus （HR）， resistance to midterm shoot rot （R）， but it is susceptible to zonate spot （S）， brown blotch （S） and brown streak （S）.
Growth period
The mature period for gray skin chewing sugarcane is from November 20 to March 20 of the following year， and the stalkcutting time is quite long. The whole growth period is 235-348 d.
Suitable areas
Gray skin chewing sugarcane can adapt to planting in the areas with the altitude of less than 1 500 m or the areas with similar climates in Yunnan Province.
Precise Quantification Cultivation Techniques
The appearance of quality gray skin chewing sugarcane variety should be "thick， flat， even and clean"， that is， cane stalks should have thick diameter， straight and even stems， long internodes， no cracks， aerial roots， cork cracks and insects and diseases along the cane stalks.
Farmland selection
The selected farmland should have deep soil cultivation layer， loose fertility， pH value of 6-7 and convenient transportation. Sugarcane treatment
The selected sugarcane stalks for planting should be robust， diseasefree with full buds. At 1-2 d before planting， the stalks are cut into sections with 2 buds， and after soaking with 2% lime water for 12 h， the buds can be planted.
Precise quantification of planting
First， Chongqing Hesheng 1Z135 multifunctional tiller is used to plough the land. Then， the line spacing is set to 1.2 m， and HS1GZ105V1 ridger is used to make furrows and ridges. The furrows are over 40 cm deep， 20 cm wide at the bottom， and the hill spacing is 30 cm. The planting period is from February 10 to February 28 with the planting rate of 9.0-12.0 t/hm2， that is， 1 seeding section （2 buds section） for each hole， which is planted vertically with the cane furrow. A total of 55 556 buds are planted per hectare and the emergence rate is 90% to ensure that there are 50 000 basic seedlings per hectare， that is， a length of 1 m has at least 6 basic seedlings.
Precise quantification of fertilization and ridging
The fertilizer requirements of sugarcane are as follows： few fertilizers are needed at both ends， and relatively more in the middle. The period from sprouting to seedling is the critical period of nutrition for sugarcane， which requires few fertilizers but larger amounts of phosphorus and potassium than nitrogen. The fertilizers for tillering period account for 10%-20% of the whole growing period， while the fertilizers for the elongation period account for more than 50% of the total growth period. Nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer in the later stage， which has the required fertilizer amount accounting for 30%-40% of the total growth period[7]. It has proved that the production of 1 t of sugarcane needs 1.5-2.0 kg of N， 1.0-1.5 kg of P2O5， 2.0-2.5 kg of K2O， 0.46-0.75 kg of Ca， and 0.5-0.75 kg of Mg[8]. Therefore， referring to Stanford differential method[9-10]， the total amount of fertilizers for target yield （kg/hm2） = （the amount of nitrogen required for the target yieldthe amount of nitrogen from the soil）/the seasonal utilization ratio of nitrogen fertilizer. Fertilizer utilization rates are N of 27%， P2O5 of 15%， and K2O of 30%[11]. According to the average values of general soil survey in sugarcane producing areas， the cultivated soil layer at the depth of 30 cm has a soil density of 1.6 g/cm3， pH of 6.9， organic matter of 36.38 g/kg， available nitrogen of 180.07 mg/kg， available phosphorus of 19.90 mg/kg， available potassium of 36.86 mg/kg. For 1 000 kg of farm manure， pure N is 4 kg， P2O5 is 4 kg， K2O is 6 kg. Thus， after calculation， the total fertilization amount is pure N of 435 kg/hm2， P2O5 of 203 kg/hm2， K2O of 221 kg/hm2. The specific fertilization methods of precise quantification for gray skin chewing sugarcane go as the following： first， enough base fertilizer. When planting， 22 500 kg/hm2 farm manure （converted to pure N of 90 kg/hm2， P2O5 of 90 kg/hm2， K2O of 135 kg/hm2）， calcium， calcium， and magnesium fertilizers of 600 kg/hm2 and 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer （N∶P2O5∶K2O=15∶15∶15） of 600 kg/hm2 are between holes as base fertilizers. Second， early tillering stage dressing. The urea of 150 kg/hm2 is applied at 3-5 cm from the seedlings in the 5 leaf stage， followed by weed removing and shallow ridging. Third， heavy elongation dressing. At the elongation stage， urea of 300 kg/hm2 and 16% normal calcium phosphate of 150 kg/hm2 are applied， and the soil should be ridged high to avoid lodging. Fourth， supplementing fertilizer in the late stage. In the late stage， urea of 105 kg/hm2 is applied. Precise quantification of moisture
In the bud stage， shallow irrigation should be performed to keep the soil moist. During the tillering period， frequent and shallow irrigation is needed to maintain the suitable humidity in the soil tillage layer， so as to promote the early growth of axillary buds， and completely seal the field sugarcane plants. When there are enough seedlings， irrigation should be stopped， and the land is dried for 5-7 d to inhibit the tillering and promote root growth. The elongation period requires large amounts of water since chewing sugarcane needs large amount of water. It is necessary to pay attention to timely irrigation， but should avoid largewater irrigation. Light water irrigation is recommended to keep water in the middle ditch and soil wet in the ridges. After entering the rainy seasons， attention should be paid to cleaning up the drainage channels in the field to prevent water ponding in the field. During the mature period， there should be water in the furrows and the surface soil of the ridges should be wet to facilitate the accumulation of sugar.
Precise quantification of cane stalks
The highest tillers for gray skin chewing sugarcane tillering could reach up to 83 000 seedlings/hm2， that is， there are more than 10 seedlings/m. The seedlings should be fixed in time， and the diseased seedlings and weak seedlings are removed to ensure that there are no less than 62 500 stalks/hm2， that is， there are at least 15 effective stalks every 2 m.
Green control of diseases， insect pests and weeds
The control of diseases， pests and weeds of gray skin chewing sugarcane should be prevention oriented， assisted by agricultural control. Integrated control of chemical control should be done after the diseases and pests reach the control indexes， thereby reaching the "economic， safe， effective and simple" control of pests and diseases. The major pests for gray skin chewing sugarcane are termites， sugarcane pods， cotton pods， and red pink pods. Specific chemical control measures include： spraying 15% chlorpyrifos granules of 22.5 kg/hm2 to the furrows to prevent termites and other underground pests； spraying the mixture of Dupont Coragen （20% chlorantranzuron suspension agent） of 300 ml/hm2 with 960 kg of water to prevent cane stem borers； spraying the mixture of 10% imidacloprid WP of 600 g/hm2 with 960 kg of water to control cane aphids； spraying the mixture of 22% flonicaxime suspension of 600 g/hm2 with 960 kg of water to control redflies， and the control effects could continue for 20 d. The major diseases for gray skin chewing sugarcane are zonate spot， brown streak， rmaculopathy， sugarcane brown blotch， midterm shoot rot. The specific chemical control methods are as follows： spraying the Armure （30% difenoconazole cyproconazole EC） of 900 ml/hm2 or the mixture of 50% carbendazim WP of 2 kg/hm2 with 960 kg of water to control zonate spot； spraying the mixture of 50% carbendazim WP of 2 kg/hm2， 75% chlorothalonil WP of 1.5 kg/hm2， 50% carbendazim WP of 1 kg/hm2， 30% difenoconazole suspension agent of 1 kg/hm2 with 960 kg of water to control rown streak， rmaculopathy， sugarcane brown blotch， midterm shoot rot once every 7 d for 2-3 times. Weeds can be controlled by artificially eradicating field grass through interplanting vegetables， and spraying the 150 times diluted 20% glufosinate water aqua in sunny days without wind to control the weeds； rates can be controlled by the 7/10 000 diphacinone. Harvesting according to market conditions
Depending on the market conditions， the sugarcane can be sold from November 20 to March 20 the following year.
Discussion
It has found that chewing sugarcane can sprout at the temperature of 10 ℃， and the bud can germinate at 13 ℃. High temperature can accelerate the germination. At low temperature， chewing sugarcane tends to root first and then sprout. The best growth temperature is 30 ℃. The growth of chewing sugarcane stops at the temperature of lower than 10 ℃， and the growth tends to be abnormal if the temperature is higher than 45 ℃[12]. There is a positive correlation between sunshine and sugar content， and the correlation coefficient is 0.65. During mature period， the large temperature difference between day and night （about 10 ℃ is optimal） is favorable to sugar accumulation and promotion of maturation[13]. Lou et al.[14]found that the application of slow/controlled release formula fertilizer in chewing cane cultivation makes the yield and total biomass increased by 1.8%-5.7% and 5.7%-15.5% from the application of imported compound fertilizer， and the fertilizer cost is much lower， achieving the light and simple fertilization. Guo et al.[15]suggested the stem diameter and marketability decreased when the planting densities amounted to 55 500 strain/hm2， which led to the competition for water and fertilizer. When the level of fertilizer supplies amounted to 900 kg/hm2 of N， 900 kg/hm2 of P and 900 kg/hm2 of K， the single stem weight and yield decreased. At present， the total amount of fertilization of the cane is pure N of 435 kg/hm2， P2O5 of 203 kg/hm2， K2O of 221 kg/hm2. Qiu et al.[16]believed that spraying diuron and atrazine at the seedling stage had a certain inhibitory effect on the plant height of Haizhe22， and it was effective for both monocotyledon weeds and dicotyledon weeds. Therefore， the following issues should be further explored： first， the effects of different planting densities and planting time on the yield， sugar content and commodity of gray skin chewing cane； second， the effects of fertilizer types and fertilization modes on the yield， sugar content and commodity of gray skin chewing cane； third， the effects of different kinds of herbicides on gray skin chewing cane and the intercropping vegetables.
Agricultural Biotechnology2018
References
[1]WANG JH， CAO G， ZHANG JL， et al. The production situation and sustainable development of fruit cane in China[J]. Sugarcane and Canesugar， 2013（5）：56-61. [2]ZHANG YC， LEI CY， XIE HJ， et al. Autumn planting technology for fruittype sugar cane Qiantang 3[J]. Chinese Seed Industry， 2010 （08）： 81-82.
[3]QIN S， ZHU R. Cultivation technique of interplanting cucumber with black peel sugarcane[J]. Journal of Guangxi Agriculture， 2012， 27（2）： 60-62.
[4]LEI CY， LEI SF， XIE HJ， et al. Preliminary report on the variety comparative test of red peel sugarcane in Yunnan[J]. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences， 2011（18）：15-17.
[5]LEI CY， LEI SF， XIE HJ， et al. Phenotypic performance of Yunnan red skin fruit sugarcane （Saccharum officenarum L，） in Guizhou sugarcane planting area[J]. Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences， 2011， 39（31）： 19081-19083.
[6]LI S， LIU HJ， LIU JX， et al. Breeding of Guiguozhe 1 and its cultivation technology[J]. Journal of Southern Agriculture， 2015， 46（9）： 1561-1566.
[7]HUANG BL， YANG QH. Research progress on sugarcane rational fertilizer on detected soil[J]. China Sugar， 2011，34（1）：60-63.
[8]XIN SZ， LIU JH， YANG J， et al. Cultivation techniques of Tiancheng chewing cane for high quality and high yield in Sichuan and Chongqing Area[J]. Sugar Crops of China， 2015， 38（6）： 58-59.
[9]LING QH， ZHANG HC， DAI QG， et al. Study on precise and quantitative N application in rice[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica， 2005， 38（12）： 2457-2467.
[10]ZHANG HC， WU GC， DAI QG， et al. Precise postponing nitrogen application and its mechanism in rice[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica， 2011， 37（10）： 1837-1851.
[11]WANG HY， ZHOU JM. Calculation of real fertilizer use efficiency and discussion on fertilization strategies[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica， 2014， 51（02）： 216-225.
[12]DENG ST. Modern sugarcane production and technology[M]. Guangzhou： Guangdong Science and Technology Press， 1991： 214-215.
[13]LIU JH， XIN SZ， YANG Y， et al. Impact of environmental factors in Sichuan on the quality of sugarcane and its countermeasures[J]. Sugar Crops of China， 2016， 38（5）：79-80.
[14]LOU Y， CHEN HB， ZHANG LD， et al. Effects of slow/controlled release fertilizers on yield and nitrogen use efficiency of chewing cane[J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops， 2016， 37（2）： 262-266.
[15]GUO HM， LIN YZ， LIN JZ， et al. Effects of planting densities and fertilizer supplies on Longhei chewing cane[J]. Subtropical Agriculture Research， 2013， 9（1）：15-18.
[16]QIU YS， HU HX， ZHOU F， et al. Weed control effect of Diuron and Atrazine on sugarcane variety Haizhe22 at seedling stage[J]. Sugarcane Industry， 2017（1）： 46-48.
Editor： Na LI Proofreader： Xinxiu ZHU
[Methods]Field planting tests were conducted in 2012-2016 to study the yield， major economic traits， disease resistances， growth periods， adaptability and cultivation techniques of gray skin chewing sugarcane.
[Results]The characteristics and a set of precise cultivation techniques for gray skin chewing sugarcane were summarized.
[Conclusions]The technology can be widely applied in the areas with altitude of less than 1 500 m and areas with similar climate in Yunnan Province.
Key words Gray skin chewing sugarcane； Characteristics； Cultivation techniques； Baoshan
Gray skin chewing sugarcane has the advantages of thin skin， rich juice， high fructose content， pineapple flavor and good taste. After consumption， it can promote the production of body fluid to relieve thirst， clear away heat and toxic materials， moisten lung to arrest cough and invigorate stomach， so it is a traditional fruit that people love. It has high biological yield and economic output， as well as broad market prospects. The development of gray skin chewing sugarcane is of great significance for promoting the structural adjustment of the fruit supply side of urban and rural residents， the development of the husbandry industry and the increase of farmers" economic income. Different varieties of chewing sugarcane have different cultivation techniques. Wang et al.[1]investigated the status of chewing sugarcane industry in China， and explored the countermeasures for the sustainable development of chewing cane. Zhang et al.[2]summarized the cultivation techniques for the fruittype sugarcane Qiantang 3. Qin et al.[3]introduced in detail the cultivation techniques of blackskin cane interplanting cucumber. The variety comparative test （newplanting and perennial root） in Guizhou found that Yunnan red skin chewing sugarcane had the characteristics of purplish red stem skin， good commodity， rich cane juice， sweet flavor， good taste， high quality， high resistances to pests， diseases， droughts and cold， mediumearlymaturing， early accumulation of sugar， early market and good efficiency[4]， and it is suitable for the cultivation in the sugarcane producing areas in Guizhou， so it can be widely promoted[5]. Li et al.[6] found that the comprehensive traits of Guiguozhe 1 were superior to those of Badila， and with high value of production and application， it could be widely planted in the sugarcane area of South China. These rich achievements have provided experiences for the cultivation of gray skin chewing sugarcane. However， there is still no report on the characteristics and precise cultivation techniques of gray skin chewing sugarcane. Therefore， in this paper， we studied and summarized the characteristics and cultivation techniques of gray skin chewing sugarcane through experiments， demonstrations， and highyielding models， with the aim to provide technical support for the popularization and application of gray skin chewing sugarcane in large areas in suitable regions. Characteristics
Yield
Gray skin chewing sugarcane has an average biological yield of 166.5 t/hm2 with the highest yield of 177.0 t/hm2 and lowest yield of 144.0 t/hm2， an average economic output of 135.0 t/hm2 with the highest yield of 141.0 t/hm2 and lowest of 123.0 t/hm2. The average yield of green fodder （sugarcane shoots） is 33.0 t/hm2 with the highest of 37.5 t/hm2 and lowest of 22.5 t/hm2. The crude protein content in sugarcane shoots is about 12%-13%.
Major economic traits
Gray skin chewing sugarcane has an average plant height of 3.12m with the highest of 3.29 m and lowest of 2.80 m， an average effective stalk length of 1.77m with the longest of 1.84 m and shortest of 1.72 m， an average effective stalk internodes of 13.87 nodes with the most of 14.51 nodes and least of 13.2 nodes， an average stalk diameter of 4.11 cm with the largest of 4.27 cm and lowest of 3.95 cm， an average number of effective stalks of 61 935/hm2 with the largest of 66 915/hm2 and smallest of 58 650/hm2， an average biological weight of 2.69 kg/stalk with the heaviest of 3.02 kg/stalk and lightest of 2.40 kg/stalk， an average economical weight of 2.17 kg/stalk with the heaviest of 2.4 kg/stalk and lightest of 2.03 kg/stalk. The field brix is 18%-20% and the sugar content is 10.5%-11.6%.
Disease resistances
As shown in test， gray skin chewing sugarcane has high resistance to pineapple disease （HR）， high resistance to smut （HR）， high resistance to mosaic virus （HR）， resistance to midterm shoot rot （R）， but it is susceptible to zonate spot （S）， brown blotch （S） and brown streak （S）.
Growth period
The mature period for gray skin chewing sugarcane is from November 20 to March 20 of the following year， and the stalkcutting time is quite long. The whole growth period is 235-348 d.
Suitable areas
Gray skin chewing sugarcane can adapt to planting in the areas with the altitude of less than 1 500 m or the areas with similar climates in Yunnan Province.
Precise Quantification Cultivation Techniques
The appearance of quality gray skin chewing sugarcane variety should be "thick， flat， even and clean"， that is， cane stalks should have thick diameter， straight and even stems， long internodes， no cracks， aerial roots， cork cracks and insects and diseases along the cane stalks.
Farmland selection
The selected farmland should have deep soil cultivation layer， loose fertility， pH value of 6-7 and convenient transportation. Sugarcane treatment
The selected sugarcane stalks for planting should be robust， diseasefree with full buds. At 1-2 d before planting， the stalks are cut into sections with 2 buds， and after soaking with 2% lime water for 12 h， the buds can be planted.
Precise quantification of planting
First， Chongqing Hesheng 1Z135 multifunctional tiller is used to plough the land. Then， the line spacing is set to 1.2 m， and HS1GZ105V1 ridger is used to make furrows and ridges. The furrows are over 40 cm deep， 20 cm wide at the bottom， and the hill spacing is 30 cm. The planting period is from February 10 to February 28 with the planting rate of 9.0-12.0 t/hm2， that is， 1 seeding section （2 buds section） for each hole， which is planted vertically with the cane furrow. A total of 55 556 buds are planted per hectare and the emergence rate is 90% to ensure that there are 50 000 basic seedlings per hectare， that is， a length of 1 m has at least 6 basic seedlings.
Precise quantification of fertilization and ridging
The fertilizer requirements of sugarcane are as follows： few fertilizers are needed at both ends， and relatively more in the middle. The period from sprouting to seedling is the critical period of nutrition for sugarcane， which requires few fertilizers but larger amounts of phosphorus and potassium than nitrogen. The fertilizers for tillering period account for 10%-20% of the whole growing period， while the fertilizers for the elongation period account for more than 50% of the total growth period. Nitrogen fertilizer is the main fertilizer in the later stage， which has the required fertilizer amount accounting for 30%-40% of the total growth period[7]. It has proved that the production of 1 t of sugarcane needs 1.5-2.0 kg of N， 1.0-1.5 kg of P2O5， 2.0-2.5 kg of K2O， 0.46-0.75 kg of Ca， and 0.5-0.75 kg of Mg[8]. Therefore， referring to Stanford differential method[9-10]， the total amount of fertilizers for target yield （kg/hm2） = （the amount of nitrogen required for the target yieldthe amount of nitrogen from the soil）/the seasonal utilization ratio of nitrogen fertilizer. Fertilizer utilization rates are N of 27%， P2O5 of 15%， and K2O of 30%[11]. According to the average values of general soil survey in sugarcane producing areas， the cultivated soil layer at the depth of 30 cm has a soil density of 1.6 g/cm3， pH of 6.9， organic matter of 36.38 g/kg， available nitrogen of 180.07 mg/kg， available phosphorus of 19.90 mg/kg， available potassium of 36.86 mg/kg. For 1 000 kg of farm manure， pure N is 4 kg， P2O5 is 4 kg， K2O is 6 kg. Thus， after calculation， the total fertilization amount is pure N of 435 kg/hm2， P2O5 of 203 kg/hm2， K2O of 221 kg/hm2. The specific fertilization methods of precise quantification for gray skin chewing sugarcane go as the following： first， enough base fertilizer. When planting， 22 500 kg/hm2 farm manure （converted to pure N of 90 kg/hm2， P2O5 of 90 kg/hm2， K2O of 135 kg/hm2）， calcium， calcium， and magnesium fertilizers of 600 kg/hm2 and 45% potassium sulfate compound fertilizer （N∶P2O5∶K2O=15∶15∶15） of 600 kg/hm2 are between holes as base fertilizers. Second， early tillering stage dressing. The urea of 150 kg/hm2 is applied at 3-5 cm from the seedlings in the 5 leaf stage， followed by weed removing and shallow ridging. Third， heavy elongation dressing. At the elongation stage， urea of 300 kg/hm2 and 16% normal calcium phosphate of 150 kg/hm2 are applied， and the soil should be ridged high to avoid lodging. Fourth， supplementing fertilizer in the late stage. In the late stage， urea of 105 kg/hm2 is applied. Precise quantification of moisture
In the bud stage， shallow irrigation should be performed to keep the soil moist. During the tillering period， frequent and shallow irrigation is needed to maintain the suitable humidity in the soil tillage layer， so as to promote the early growth of axillary buds， and completely seal the field sugarcane plants. When there are enough seedlings， irrigation should be stopped， and the land is dried for 5-7 d to inhibit the tillering and promote root growth. The elongation period requires large amounts of water since chewing sugarcane needs large amount of water. It is necessary to pay attention to timely irrigation， but should avoid largewater irrigation. Light water irrigation is recommended to keep water in the middle ditch and soil wet in the ridges. After entering the rainy seasons， attention should be paid to cleaning up the drainage channels in the field to prevent water ponding in the field. During the mature period， there should be water in the furrows and the surface soil of the ridges should be wet to facilitate the accumulation of sugar.
Precise quantification of cane stalks
The highest tillers for gray skin chewing sugarcane tillering could reach up to 83 000 seedlings/hm2， that is， there are more than 10 seedlings/m. The seedlings should be fixed in time， and the diseased seedlings and weak seedlings are removed to ensure that there are no less than 62 500 stalks/hm2， that is， there are at least 15 effective stalks every 2 m.
Green control of diseases， insect pests and weeds
The control of diseases， pests and weeds of gray skin chewing sugarcane should be prevention oriented， assisted by agricultural control. Integrated control of chemical control should be done after the diseases and pests reach the control indexes， thereby reaching the "economic， safe， effective and simple" control of pests and diseases. The major pests for gray skin chewing sugarcane are termites， sugarcane pods， cotton pods， and red pink pods. Specific chemical control measures include： spraying 15% chlorpyrifos granules of 22.5 kg/hm2 to the furrows to prevent termites and other underground pests； spraying the mixture of Dupont Coragen （20% chlorantranzuron suspension agent） of 300 ml/hm2 with 960 kg of water to prevent cane stem borers； spraying the mixture of 10% imidacloprid WP of 600 g/hm2 with 960 kg of water to control cane aphids； spraying the mixture of 22% flonicaxime suspension of 600 g/hm2 with 960 kg of water to control redflies， and the control effects could continue for 20 d. The major diseases for gray skin chewing sugarcane are zonate spot， brown streak， rmaculopathy， sugarcane brown blotch， midterm shoot rot. The specific chemical control methods are as follows： spraying the Armure （30% difenoconazole cyproconazole EC） of 900 ml/hm2 or the mixture of 50% carbendazim WP of 2 kg/hm2 with 960 kg of water to control zonate spot； spraying the mixture of 50% carbendazim WP of 2 kg/hm2， 75% chlorothalonil WP of 1.5 kg/hm2， 50% carbendazim WP of 1 kg/hm2， 30% difenoconazole suspension agent of 1 kg/hm2 with 960 kg of water to control rown streak， rmaculopathy， sugarcane brown blotch， midterm shoot rot once every 7 d for 2-3 times. Weeds can be controlled by artificially eradicating field grass through interplanting vegetables， and spraying the 150 times diluted 20% glufosinate water aqua in sunny days without wind to control the weeds； rates can be controlled by the 7/10 000 diphacinone. Harvesting according to market conditions
Depending on the market conditions， the sugarcane can be sold from November 20 to March 20 the following year.
Discussion
It has found that chewing sugarcane can sprout at the temperature of 10 ℃， and the bud can germinate at 13 ℃. High temperature can accelerate the germination. At low temperature， chewing sugarcane tends to root first and then sprout. The best growth temperature is 30 ℃. The growth of chewing sugarcane stops at the temperature of lower than 10 ℃， and the growth tends to be abnormal if the temperature is higher than 45 ℃[12]. There is a positive correlation between sunshine and sugar content， and the correlation coefficient is 0.65. During mature period， the large temperature difference between day and night （about 10 ℃ is optimal） is favorable to sugar accumulation and promotion of maturation[13]. Lou et al.[14]found that the application of slow/controlled release formula fertilizer in chewing cane cultivation makes the yield and total biomass increased by 1.8%-5.7% and 5.7%-15.5% from the application of imported compound fertilizer， and the fertilizer cost is much lower， achieving the light and simple fertilization. Guo et al.[15]suggested the stem diameter and marketability decreased when the planting densities amounted to 55 500 strain/hm2， which led to the competition for water and fertilizer. When the level of fertilizer supplies amounted to 900 kg/hm2 of N， 900 kg/hm2 of P and 900 kg/hm2 of K， the single stem weight and yield decreased. At present， the total amount of fertilization of the cane is pure N of 435 kg/hm2， P2O5 of 203 kg/hm2， K2O of 221 kg/hm2. Qiu et al.[16]believed that spraying diuron and atrazine at the seedling stage had a certain inhibitory effect on the plant height of Haizhe22， and it was effective for both monocotyledon weeds and dicotyledon weeds. Therefore， the following issues should be further explored： first， the effects of different planting densities and planting time on the yield， sugar content and commodity of gray skin chewing cane； second， the effects of fertilizer types and fertilization modes on the yield， sugar content and commodity of gray skin chewing cane； third， the effects of different kinds of herbicides on gray skin chewing cane and the intercropping vegetables.
Agricultural Biotechnology2018
References
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Editor： Na LI Proofreader： Xinxiu ZHU