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落伍的清王朝鸦片战争以前,中国仍然是一个独立的封建国家,封建社会内部的商品经济有了一定程度的发展,资本主义萌芽也呈现出增长的趋势,对外经济交往的规模逐渐
Outmoded Qing Dynasty Before the Opium War, China was still an independent feudal country. The commodity economy within the feudal society had developed to some extent. The budding capitalism also showed an upward trend. The scale of foreign economic exchanges gradually increased